Definition of Terms Essay

A pre-Socratic classic materialist philosopher. Democritus was a student of Leucippus and co-originator of the spirit that all matter is made up of various imperishable, indivisible elements which he called atoma or indivisible units, from which we get the English word atom. Mesopotamia A rocking chair of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to present-day(a) Iraq. Sumer in southern Mesopotamia is commonly regarded as the worlds earlier civilization.Cities in Mesopotamia later served as capitals of the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Mitanni, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Parthian, Sassanid and Abbasid empires. Idea A concept or abstraction invented and existing in the mind. Hu firearm capability to ponder ideas is associated with the ability of reasoning, self-reflection, and the ability to acquire and apply intellect. Further, ideas give rise to demonstrable concepts, or mind generalizations, which are the basis fo r any kind of cognition whether science or philosophy. HumbabaA monstrous giant of immemorial time raised by Utu, the Sun. Humbaba orHuwawa was also the guardian of the Cedar Forest where the gods lived. Anubis The Hellenic pretend for the antique jackal-headed god of the dead in Egyptian mythology whose hieroglyphic version is more accurately spelled Anpu. He is also k this instantn as Sekhem Em Pet. Prayers to Anubis have been found carved on the to the highest degree antediluvian tombs in Egypt indeed, the Unas text (line 70) associates him with the Eye of Horus. He serves as both a guide of the recently de bettered and a guardian of the dead.Kumarbi Kumarbi bit out the genitals of Anu and spat out three new gods. This is related in the Hittite myth Kingship in Heaven Alalu was overthrown by Anu who was in frolic overthrown by Kumarbi. When Anu tried to escape Kumarbi bites off his genitals. Anu tells his son that he is now pregnant with the Teshub, Tigris and Tasmisu. Upon hearing this Kumarbi spit the semen upon the ground and it became impregnated with two children. Kumarbi becomes pregnant and is cut open to deliver Tesub. Together, Anu and Teshub depose Kumarbi TammuzTammuz was established in adore of the eponymous god Tammuz, who originated as a Sumerian shepherd-god, Dumuzid or Dumuzi, the black market of Inanna and, in his Akkadian form, the parallel consort of Ishtar. The Syrian Adonis ( professional), who was bony into the Greek pantheon, is an new(prenominal) counter bump of Tammuz,son and consort. The Aramaic name Tammuz seems to have been derived from the Akkadian form Tammuzi, based on early Sumerian Damu-zid. Oligarchy A form of governing body where political power arrangeively rests with a small elite plane section of society (whether distinguished by wealth, family or soldiery powers).The word oligarchy is from the Greek words for few. Aton Aton was the focus of Akhenatens religion, notwithstanding viewing Aton as Akhenate ns god is a simplification. Aton is the name given to represent the solar disc. The term Aton was used to de qualityate a disc, and since the cheer was a disc, bit by bit became associated with solar deities. Aton expresses indirectly the life-talent great power of light. Babylon A city of past Mesopotamia, the ruins of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, virtually 85 kilometers (55 mi) south of Baghdad.It was the holy city of Babylonia from around 2300 BC, and the seat of the Neo-Babylonian imperium from 612 BC. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Iliad The poem concerns events during the tenth and final exam year in the siege of the city of Ilion, or troy weight, by the Greeks (See Trojan War). The word Iliad means pertaining to Ilion (in Latin, troy weight), the city proper, as opposed to Troy (in Greek, , Troia in Latin, Troia), the kingdom centered around Ilium, over which Priam reigned. The name Ilium and Troy are often used interchangeably. Hyksos An Asiatic people who invaded the east Nile Delta, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt. They rose to power in the 17th century BC, (according to the traditional chronology) and ruled Lower and Middle Egypt for 108 years, forming the ordinal and possibly the Sixteenth Dynasties of Egypt, (c. 16481540 BC). 1 This 108-year plosive speech sound follows the Turin Canon, which gives the six kings of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty a fit reign length of 108 years. 2 EpimetheusEpimetheus (hindsight, literally hind-thought) was the brother of Prometheus (foresight, literally fore-thought), a pair of Titans who acted as representatives of mankind (Kerenyi 1951, p 207). They were the inseparable sons of Iapetus, who in other contexts was the convey of Atlas. While Prometheus is characterized as ingenious and clever, Epimetheus is depicted as foolish. Attica A periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens , the capital of Greece. Attica is subdivided into the prefectures of Athens, Piraeus, East Attica and West Attica. EnkiA theology in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Babylonian mythology, originally chief god of the city of Eridu. He was the deity of crafts . The necessitate meaning of his name is uncertain the common translation is Lord of the priming the Sumerian en is translated as a title equivalent to lord Nebuchadnezzar II A ruler of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who reigned c. 605 BC-562 BC. He is say for his monumental habitusing within his capital of Babylon, his component in the playscript of Daniel, and his construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and known among Christians and Jews for his conquests of Judah and Jerusalem.Ionians One of the four main antediluvian Greek phyla or tribes, linked by their use of the Ionic mother tongue of the Greek language whose settlements were located principally on the Islands between Greece and Anatolia furth er whose peoples settled on both coasts as well (giving rise to the eponymously named neighbourhood of Ionia), which migrations includes only the southern areas of the Greek mainland including Athens. Akhenaten Meaning Effective spirit of Aten, counterbalance known as Amenhotep IV ( both(prenominal)times read as Amenophis IV and meaning Amun is Satisfied) before his first year, was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt.He is peculiarly notable for attempting to compel the Egyptian population in the monotheistic worship of Aten, although at that place are doubts as to how successful he was at this. Inanna The goddess of love and war, if Inanna wasnt strapping on her battle sandals,she was seen swaggering around the streets of her home town, drag young men out of the taverns to have sex with her. Despite her linkup with mating and fertility of humans and animals, Inanna was not a mother goddess, and is seldom associated with childbirth. Inanna was also associated with rai n and storms and with the planet Venus..Boundless It is symbolized by the infinity sign which is like an inverted number 8. Ii manifests the eternal powers of a god-king which is limitless. Annunaki A group of Sumerian and Akkadian deities related to, and in some cases overlapping with, the Annuna (the liter Great Gods) and the Igigi (minor gods). The name is variously indite da-nuna, da-nuna-ke4-ne, or da-nun-na, meaning something to the effect of those of royal blood or princely outcome or nirvana and earth (Anu-na-ki) The Annunaki appear in the Babylonian creation myth, Enuma Elish.Shamash Means sun. Both in early and in late inscriptions Sha-mash is designated as the offspring of Nannar, i. e. of the moon-god, and since, in an enumeration of the pantheon, Sin chiefly takes precedence of Shamash, it is in relationship, presumably, to the moon-god that the sun god appears as the dependent power. Academy An institution of higher learning, research, or honorary membership. The name traces back to Platos school of philosophy, founded approximately 385 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the goddess of wisdom, matrimony of Athens.Sparta A Dorian Greek military city-state, originally centered in Laconia. Sparta emphasized military training, and after achieving leading light victories over the Athenian and Persian Empires, regarded itself as the natural protector of Greece. The Kings of Sparta were believed to be the direct descendants of Hercules. Hephaestus The Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan he was the god of technology, blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals and metallurgy, and fire.He was worshipped in all the manufacturing and industrial centers of Greece, especially Athens identified by Greek colonists in southern Italy with the release gods Adranus of Mount Etna and Vulcanus of the Lipara islands, and his forge moved here by the poets. Uruk An ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al-Muthanna, Iraq. Octavian The name Gaius Octavius. His father, of the same name, came from a ample but undistinguished family of the equestrian order and had been governor of Macedonia.After Octavius birth, his father gave him the cognomen of Thurinus, possibly to commemorate his victory at Thurii over a rebellious band of slaves. Dialectics A controversy, that is, the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses). The outcome of the habit might not simply be the refutation of one of the germane(predicate) points of view, but a synthesis or combination of the opposing assertions. germanium The Greek goddess personifying the country. Her Roman equivalent was Terra . derives from the Greek words Ge () = Earth (Pelasgian), and *aia = grandmother (PIE The Republic A Socratic dialogue by Plato , written approximately 360 BC. It is an influential work of philosophy and political theory, and perhaps Platos best known work. Minotaur A creature that was part man and part bull. Minotaur is Greek for Bull of Minos. It dwelt at the center of the Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze-like construction reinforced for King Minos of Crete and designed by the architect Daedalus and his son Icarus who were ordered to build it to hold the Minotaur. The Minotaur was eventually killed by Theseus UtnapishtimIn the eleventh tablet of the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim the faraway is the wise king of the Sumerian city state of Shuruppak who, along with his unnamed wife, survived a great flood sent by Enlil to drown every living thing on Earth. Kadesh An ancient city of the Levant, located on the Orontes River, probably identical to the remains at spot Nebi Mend,about 24 km southwest of Hims ,in what is now western Syria . Kadesh is first noted as one of two Canaanite cities (th e other being Megiddo) that led a coalition of city-states opposing the conquest of the Levant by Thutmose IIINeanderthals A species of the Homo genus (Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) that inhabited Europe and part of western Asia. The first proto-Neanderthal traits appeared in Europe as early as 350,000 years ago. Stela A stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerary or commemorative purposes, most usually decorated with the names and titles of the deceased or livinginscribed, carved in relief (bas-relief, sunken-relief, high-relief, etc), or painted onto the slab. Pandora The first woman, Each god helped create by giving her unique gifts.Zeus ordered her creation as a penalisation for mankind, in retaliation for Prometheus having stolen fire and then giving it to humans for their use. She is most famous for carrying a jar (pithos) (or box) containing all the worlds evils. She releases these evils, but closes the lid before H ope can escape. Knossos The largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete, probably the ceremonial and political center of the Minoan civilization and culture. The city of Knossos remained important through the Classical and Roman periods kiss of peace RomanaThe latin term for the Roman peace (sometimes Pax Augusta), was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire between 27 BC and 180 AD. Augustus Caesar led Rome into the moderation of Pax Romana, and his successors for the most part imitated his policy. This period ended with the death of Marcus Aurelius, which is considered the start of the decline of the Roman Empire. Xerxes A king of Persia (reigned 485465 BC) of the Achaemenid dynasty. Xerxes ( ) is the Greek form of the Old Persian throne name Xsayarsa, meaning Ruler of heroes.Xerxes was victorious during the initial battles. At the Battle of Thermopylae, a small force of warriors, led by King Leonidas of Sparta , resisted the much larger Persian forces, but were ultimately defeated, after a Greek man called Ephialtes betrayed his country by telling the Persians of another pass around the voluptuous Gates Mountains to corner them. Thebes A city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain. Thebes played an important role in the fabric of Greek myth, being the site of the stories of Cadmus, Oedipus, Dionysus.