Linguistic culture

When I finished read Laura Bohannans essay Shakespeare in the Bush I felt that I was smiling. Can you beat it Elizabeth Bowen-Smith (who allow became Laura Bohannan later), intelligent student of Oxford university, sits on the calabash, drinks beer and apologize the tarradiddle of hamlet to root of tribes men. Some of them are a real experienced, old person who get it ons things. It seems that Laura met actually interesting comp each they are bilingual ( only when their English is much worse than their native Tiv speech communication (Tiv-Batu sub-group of the Bantoid branch of the Benue-Congo subdivision of Niger-Congo)), they know just now own civilization and believe that raft in all human being are the same.This c formerlypt of universal understanding brought her audience to idea that this new-fashi unitaryd europiuman girl (because all whites should be Europeans) do non phone this history exactly. She made a lot of mistakes and some contingents of crossroads h istory were so strange for Tiv traditions that they were even fain to acknowledge that Europe is really another world. Bohannan told close small town in very saucer-eyed words and Tiv understood village plot, but very generally.Different ethnic backgrounds not barely make the Tiv and Bohannan deem very variant watchations of settlement status (son of psyche) or the general ideas of life and close. unless the Tiv people interpreted several specific aspects of the story much otherwise than the modern Western culture. Al to the highest degree from the beginning of Bohannans tale, tribe members fitful to question and disagree with her ab come on most of the key elements in the story. there was the appearance of junctures aims ghost, Claudius conjugation to Gertrude, the item that juncture couldnt hook up with Ophelia, hamlets dementia, Polonius death, Ophelias drowning death and the poison for after the final duel.The ghost of Hamlets military chaplain appeared in the castle to inform Hamlet of the truth about his death. The most of modern people could easily rationalize what is a ghost. The Tiv thought otherwise. The tribesmen scoffed at the notion that Hamlets father is a ghost because they dont believe that any individualist part of human personality survives after death.Tiv culture believes in witches and witchcraft, and and accordingly(prenominal) Hamlets father image must eat up been a zombie sent by witches as an omen. I like this career from Bohannans essay The old men muttered such omens were matters for primary(prenominal)s and elders, not for youngsters no good could come of going behind a master(prenominal)s back intelligibly Horatio was not a man who knew things (Bohannan).It seems that witches and their magic power were reality for Tiv people. You know that their religious beliefs were centered around the concept of akombo, defined as witching(prenominal) forces and their emblems. Between concepts of ghost and akom bo we have intercultural gap. These words squeeze outnot be translated to other language without loosing some sense. Any translation is approximation only. For full understanding people should be members of certain society.Lets go on. In the story of Hamlet, Hamlets uncle, Claudius, marries Hamlets mother, Gertrude. This marriage was only twain months after Claudius brother, the King, was eradicateed. The modern Western culture feels that this marriage was incestuous. It also took shoes too soon after the death of her husband. The Tiv, however, found no conundrum with it. It was a custom for the natives for the brother of a deceased man to marry his wife. This way, the fields could be taken care of and the farms could be managed.Another detail one of the younger Tiv men asked Laura who had married the other wives of the dead chief (King). When she told that the King had only one wife they were surprised. But a chief must have umpteen wives How else can he brew beer and neaten food for all his guests? (Bohannan). Laura explanation about European tradition to have only one wife and to use servants for homework (and especially mentioning taxes) makes Tiv men to adduce an argument It was better for a chief to have many wives and sons who would help him hoe his farms and feed his people then everyone loved the chief who gave much and took nothing (Bohannan).As you remember, in the Shakespeares play, Hamlet could not marry his true love, Ophelia, because he was royalty and she a commoner. The Tiv disagreed with this also. They felt that the marriage should be permitted because since Hamlet was royalty, then he could shower Ophelias father, Polonius, with gifts and money. This seemed to be very rational to the Tiv, although it seems to be an odd to the modern Western culture.Since Hamlet was not permitted to marry Ophelia, he went mad. In the western tradition the imperious imaging of love madness appeared probably in troubadours songs, probably in more(pren ominal) ancient times. But for African tribe it was impossible to refer madness to unhappy love affair. The Tiv felt that Hamlets madness was attributed to more serious cause to witchcraft. They said her that only witchcraft can make anyone mad, unless, of course, one sees the beings that lurk in the forest (Bohannan).Laura did the best to explain relations between Hamlet, his uncle and his mother. These episodes of the play were absolutely unclear for Tiv people. They had several arguments for their position. Hamlet scolded his mother for her sin but man should never scold his mother. Hamlet wanted to kill Claudius who killed his father but no clay can kill or attempt to kill his elders (in Tiv traditions). Tiv men said Hamlet should have contacted his fathers friends to avenge the make of King but do not try and avenge the murder himself.I found no Tiv reactions (and no explanation by Laura) to the moment when Hamlet went to kill Claudius but found him praying. He did not kill him because he believed that killing Claudius plot in prayer would send Claudiuss soul to heaven. We know that Tiv do not believe in the beyond. So this motive should not be clear for them. Laura missed this episode. May be she felt that she had no chances to explain this for her audience? She also did not tell about Hamlets words about Polonius murder Heaven hath pleased it so / To penalise me with this, and this with me (Hamlet, III.iv.157158) and about Polonius bole The body is with the king, but the king is not with the body (Hamlet IV.ii.2526).When Hamlet killed Polonius, Ophelias father, she was so distraught after hearing about this that she committed suicide by drowning herself. The Tiv were strongly opposed to this. They felt that only witches could make someone drown because water alone cannot hurt someone. It is merely something one drinks and bathes in (Bohannan). They understood that Ophelias brother, Laertes, killed her to sell her to the witches because he ran out of money.Also, at Ophelias funeral, Laertes jumped into her grave to say his last goodbye. Hamlet then jumped into the grave to say his last goodbye, also. The Tiv thought that Laertes was trying to steal the body so he could sell it to the witches. Since Hamlet jumped in, then he saved Ophelias body from being sold. They felt that Laertes wanted to kill Hamlet because he prevented him from selling Ophelias body. And I like Tiv explanation very much Hamlet prevented him, because the chiefs heir, like a chief, does not wish any other man to grow rich and powerful. (Bohannan)About understanding the duel between Hamlet and Laertes. King Claudius gave Laertes a poisoned rapier (probably Laura translated it as matchet) so that Hamlet would die even if he was just scratched by the sword. Laertes has his sword poisoned in an effort to do Hamlet in once and for all. Claudius wanted Hamlet dead because he knew the truth about his fathers death. Just in case Hamlet survived the battle, a g rump of poisoned wine-coloured was waiting for the victor.The wine unfortunately fell into the wrong hands, and Hamlets mother drank it and died. The modern Western culture believes that the wine was intend for Hamlet in case he survived the duel. The Tiv believe otherwise. They felt that the wine was intended for the victor of the match, either Hamlet or Laertes. They thought that it would be used to kill Hamlet because he knew true about the murder of his father, or it would be used to kill Laertes so no one would know about the conspiracy between him and Claudius to kill Hamlet.I theorize that the main point of Bohannans essay was to illustrate that different cultures interpret things differently. What we accept is influenced by our own cultural and linguistic values. Both interpretations of Hamlet are correct according to the cultural values of the two different cultures. (May be Tiv opinion is more correct because they proposed for Laura to tell them some more stories of her country.They said We, who are elders, will instruct you in their true meaning, so that when you return to your own land your elders will see that you have not been sitting in the bush, but among those who know things and who have taught you wisdom. (Bohannan)) It seems that the author intentions is not a matter. If our interpretation is different than that of the author, but the story still influenced our life, then that is all that matters. Word is just symbol and everyone can understand it how he can. But if you want to communicate with other people you should learn their culture and to speak their language.ReferencesBohannan, Laura (1971), from Conformity and Conflict Readings in Cultural Anthropology, eds. James P. Spradley and David W. McCurdy capital of Massachusetts Little Brown and Company. <http//www.cc.gatech.edu/idris/Essays/Shakes_in_Bush.htm>Ethnographic Atlas of the Center of Social Anthropology and Computing. University of Kent at Canterbury<http//lucy.ukc.ac.uk /EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7874>William Shakespeare. Hamlet The Oxford Shakespeare.1914<http//www.alma.edu/students/students/02merosa/hamlet/hamlet_fulltext.htm> 

The Great Gatsby: How It Applies to Modern Society

The Great Gatsby How it Applies to Modern company The flock in F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby ar very alike the people in our generation today. Theyre alike in the way they depict racism, irresponsibility, and corruption. The two generations until now also share people who display integrity and honesty. The two generations show irresponsibility and corruption by some characters like Myrtle, Meyer Wolfshiem and Tom. After Myrtle bought the blackguard she had taken no care after the dog. She never walked it, didnt consistently feed it, and the dog was later found lying virtually by himself.Tom was irresponsible and damage towards former(a) races which were diverse from his own. His Irresponsibility was shown when he was having an affair with Myrtle and non staying faithful to Daisy. Toms prejudice was revealed when he said directly people being by sneering at family life and family institutions and following theyll throw everything overboard and have interma rriage between black and white. In todays society it seems like its every other day where someone is discriminated against because they are thought to be inferior for pare down color, religion, etc.Also during the roaring 20s there was many mobs and mob leadership like the terrorizing Al Capone who were corrupt with power. He was a racketeer who had many wars with other gangs. Today there is also a lot of gang violence going on today between all sorts of different cliques and they all search for the power that Al Capone once had. Even though there are a signifi hatfult amount of people who are irresponsible and discriminate there are also a greathearted number of people who act with integrity and help others with enormous generosity.Everyone was startle afraid of Gatsby because they thought he was a killer but turns taboo he was a compassionate man. When Nick says Theyre a fetid crowd, youre worth the whole damn bunch put together you feel the same towards him because his lov e for Daisy was very important to him. He takes the infernal for Daisy killing Myrtle even though he knows he screwing be taken away to jail for the rest of his life. There are people still today that will fight for their friends because friendship is vowed to be very important in the life of very human. As you can see the adults shown in the Great Gatsby (1920s) are confusable to the adults that live today. Many portray racism and are irresponsible however they are also many who act with honesty, integrity and compassion. I deliberate the two generations are similar for the common traits they share. Because there is a snow between these two generations many would believe that a lot of alteration has undergone but in reality not much change has happened. Everything around the people has changed but them as people have not.

Killing a disabled infant is not morally equivalent to killing a person

According to the Utilitarian Philosopher, Peter Singers last-place paragraph in his article entitled, Moral Maze, Killing aperson. Veryat every(prenominal) (Singer, 2001). In support to his aforementioned claim, he argues thatFirst of all, he utilizes kids who suffer from a condition technically referred to as Severe Spina Bifida as an example, and reiterates that even if a surgery may be carried out later in the life of these nestlingren, it still does non alternate the fact that these patients atomic number 18 extremely suffering because they would have to go finished exceedingly painful and uneasy life experiences (Singer, 2001). This imported in Singers belief that since a child pass on only live much(prenominal) an unhappy life, then it is non worth living at all, thus, the child should non suffer further and should be allowed to die instead (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, allow an sister who is physically challenged die is non at all standardised to kill ing an mortal and that it is not at all a impairment act because it is through with(p) to save the child from living an exceedingly unhappy life (Singer, 2001).Secondly, Singer upholds utilitarianism by encouraging the principle which states that an act is ripe if carried out to get to the great happiness and leave benefit the superior number as well (Will.., n.d.). He again picked an some other(prenominal) checkup condition, which is technically known as hemophilia to restate his conviction (Singer, 2001). He says that killing the disabled infant willing result in another newborn child with the possibility that the child will be happier, the parents would not have to worry about another child who suffers from hemophilia (Singer, 2001).Explaining further, without the child with hemophilia, the parents will not have to attend to painful bleedings which are rugged to clot if not impossible (Singer, 2001). When Singer says that greatest happiness, he means, the children will be attended to equally and adequately because t here is no other child with hemophilia to share their parents time with and at the same time, the parents will as well as be happy because they will not have to infer endlessly about their sick child (Singer, 2001).In addition to that, when Singer says greatest number, he apparently refers to the unaffected normal children, the hemophiliac who no longer has to live a painful life, as well as, the parents who never have to worry (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, permit an infant who is physically challenged die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a revile act because it is done with the intention to attain the greatest happiness and to benefit the greatest number (Singer, 2001).Third, Singer believes that killing an infant whos physically challenged is not killing an individual and that it is not an act which can be labeled as wrong because here an abortion is carried out to hamper delivery of a child who fit to prenatal diagnosis has hemophilia or Downs Syndrome (Singer, 2001). In addition to that, he says that there should be fairness and equality in the sense that if fetuses lives are taken away through an abortion, then it should also be allowable that newborns who have hemophilia or Down Syndrome etc (Singer, 2001). Also, he adds that just like fetuses, newborns may also be restored or replaced (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is physically challenged die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to hamper the delivery of a physically challenged child, to base fairness between fetuses and newborns, as well as, establish the fetuses and newborns ability to be replaced (Singer, 2001).Fourth, Singers conviction is that killing a disabled or physically challenged infant is not wrong because he considers an infant as still not human (Singer, 2001). He says that since an infant does no t until now have the ability to think critically, still very much drug-addicted on the people surrounding him or her, and is not yet certain(p) of the occurrences around him or her, thus, the infant is not yet qualified to be labeled as a human being (Singer, 2001). The aforementioned characteristics are extremely crucial for Singer since he pushes that, parents should be given the correctly to decide if it would be better for the childs life to be taken away (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is physically challenged die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to help parents win the characteristics the infant have and that they should be given the right to decide for their children because infants are not yet aware, still dependent, and cannot yet think and decide for themselves (Singer, 2001).Last provided not least, Singer believes that killing a physically challenged infant is all right to prevent an infant to be born with hemophilia (Singer, 2001). His example is a case wherein a pregnant mother will have to expect for three months so as not to have a botch with hemophilia (Singer, 2001). Again, for Singer, letting an infant who is physically challenged die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to make sure that such(prenominal)(prenominal) kind of waiting is worthy enough because it will produce a child without any medical condition (Singer, 2001).Meanwhile, I beg to differ with one of Peter Singers convictions. If for him, letting an infant who is physically challenged die is not at all similar to killing an individual and that it is not at all a wrong act because it is done to save the child from living an exceedingly unhappy life, then he might as well re-think about it (Singer, 2001). For example, even if the best state to my objection is the fact that Severe Spina Bifida is incurable at th e moment, this should not result in a final decision that the child be killed.In the low place, there are available therapies to manage such a condition, for instance, certain rehabilitations to motivate progress and hamper speedy worsening of the condition. Besides, there are several new researches that are ongoing with regards to how it may be managed. Besides, whos to say that a disabled or physically challenged child will be exceedingly unhappy? Countless agreeable things can happen, except only if we resort and stick to current research, positive thinking, and our morals. On a final note, to assume that a disabled child will tour out to be very unhappy if he or she lives with such a condition is really unreasonable, thus, to kill a disabled infant for that simple reason is way wrong as well.ReferencesSinger, P. (2001). Moral Maze. Retrieved defect 4, 2007 fromhttp//www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/20010211.htmWill Durant Foundation. (n.d.). A Will Durant Glossary of Philosophi cal and ForeignWords. Retrieved contact 4, 2007 from http//www.willdurant.com/glossary.htm

Prosecuting Cyber Bullying

Technology is ofttimes beingness used to display personal In excogitateation on cordial networking sites for every angiotensin converting enzyme In the world to see. With this Instantaneous applied science, the school rowdy has access to an easier, much scatheful, and anonymous way to intimidate their victim. Cyber push around has become a form of harassment that is creating a myriad of problems for teenagers and, therefore, needs to be dealt with properly.The sense of anonymity and the ability to disguise ones identity online increases Weber bullying activity by making fun of, controling lies, spreading rumors, threats and sharing mystical nurture or pictures online (Lulls lines 31-32). In spite of the recent technological advancements, problems with bullying has existed for generations. At the click of a button, the threatening information that croupe be affix online can be seen without the world for anyone to see.Because more batch withstand access to someones priva te or bewildering information, an increased audience can often lead to more harmful bullying Incidents (Macaque 27). Cyber lulling can be committed any where and at any time, therefore the cyber bullies may not fully understand the Impact of their behavior on their victims (Lulls line 9). Cyber bullying can negatively affect an individual and even lead to slump and thoughts of suicide. There are many well known stories of teenagers compelled to desperate, even dangerous acts after having been exposed to recurrent harassment by others online.For Instance, the devastating and long-familiar case mutilate 13-year-old girl named Megan Meier, committed seclude allegedly out-of-pocket to cyber bullying (Macaque 141 after coming friends with a boy she met online, Megan, who had a lifelong struggle with weight and self-esteem, finally met a boy she thought she could trust. After weeks of friendly conversations online Megan was eager to strengthen their relationship by finally clashing each other in person. Flirtatious messages from her online boyfriend Josh abruptly turned into disturbing and confusing remarks much(prenominal) as the world would be a better place without you (Macaque 16). Josh even began to post despiteful comments on his site about Megan. Megan committed seclude to escape the briny and humiliation she was put through (Social Networking Web Sites 3). Investigators soon ascertained that the profile of Josh Evans was created by a 48- year-old woman named Lori Drew. Loriss intentions were to tease and embarrass Megan, her next door neighbor and a former friend of Loriss 13-year-old miss (Macaque 28). This case brought national attention to the dire consequences of cyber bullying. The community was outraged and demanded charges to be brought against this mother.Lori went to court but was never convicted because there was no law against cyber bullying. another(prenominal) instance of the horrific effects of cyber bullying is portrayed in the sad story of 18-year-old Tyler Clementine. Tyler started his freshman year with a big future ahead(predicate) of him and a great outlook on life. Invading Tellers privacy, his college roommate streamed private footage online from a WebMD that he held In their dorm (Key Events in the account statement of Prosecuting Cybernetics 8). Comments about his sexuality flooded through his inbox that night.Days after the video went viral, Tyler could not handle the embarrassment and committed suicide by Jumping off of the George Washington Bridge (Prosecuting Cybernetics par. 1). These are two highly publicized and tragical cases resulting from abuse online. There are thousands of other people that are being threatened and bullied through technology every day and no one knows about it. There is nothing positive that results from bullying, but some people still believe that cyber bullies should not be prosecuted because it is not a crime.Critics register that cyber bullying is not an issue that should have legal attention, but a dilemma best solved by schools and parents (Prosecuting Cybernetics par. 2). Many school districts throughout the country are attempting to educate their students about online safety and cheerion. In narrate to solve the problem of cyber bullying, the critics believe that schools should concentrate on spreading messages of adjustment and civility to all young people (Prosecuting Cybernetics par. 2). Another point that critics try on is that prosecuting cyber bullies violates the First Amendments guarantee of free speech (Hayward 21).Opponents to the prosecution of cyber bullies need to espouse into account the innocent people that are being terrorized online ND their rights to protect themselves. Supporters of the prosecution of these online abusers agree that cyber bullying leads to many emotional problems for the victims. Cyber bullies purposely hindquarters their victims, revealing personal information on the Internet or harassing them th rough frequent or threatening messages (Prosecuting Cybernetics par. 16). More often than not, school administrators and parents stop to identify and stop cyber bullying before it is too late.Prosecutors need to express action in enunciate to protect students online. Students are apprehensive to tell an adult about abuse online because they fear the bullying will only if get worse. Victims feel that they are on their own in the interminable abuse and allegedly saw no choice for escape eject to kill themselves (Lulls 22). Historically, a person repeatedly bullied is not only a danger to themselves, but may even have the urge to harm others. For example, in the article Prosecuting Cybernetics, research has determined that perpetrators of school violence?such as the two students who went on a shooting rampage at ColumbineHigh School in Colorado in 1999?often have a history of both bullying and being bullied themselves (par. 31). Even though the cyber bully is not physically shovi ng the victim around, they are still able to tincture a sense of fear and hopelessness in their victims. In order to punish cyber bullies for their conduct, new, up-to-date laws need to be passed for the protection of the innocent victim. With technology being the most popular form of communication, it is important to establish a law to deter future bullying with a legal content to punish those who cause harm.

Community health nurses Essay

How earth-closet community wellness soak ups take for the strategies of hea whereforeish competence to their give? A nurse grass be a part of helping a patients ethnic preservation in their lend oneself. For subject, some people in the Jamaican assimilation hold nine-day wakes for dead soul persons. The wake is a time for respecting and honoring the at rest(p) soul. For nine nights, relatives and friends sh atomic number 18 sustenance and sing hymns, thus saying adieu to the departed one (). A nurse can advocate for a patient from Jamaican heathen by coordinating with the hospice quick-wittedness a way for the wake to take place as the Jamaican market-gardening sees fit. A nurse can also apple cultural modification into their practice. For example, in Jamaican cultures herbal medicates are habitual, and herbal medicine practitioners and balmists, who practice bush medicine, provide treatment for a wide range of ailments.A nurse can advocate for cultural accommodat ion by workings with the health care team to accommodate the use of herbal medicine preferences. Health care team members a nurse can film with this cultural accommodation may include the Physician, pharmacist, or nutritionist. A nurse can also also apply cultural repatterning into their practice. For example, Jamaicas more or less popular dish is jerk, a term that describes the process of cooking meats suppressed in tongue-searing marinade, and barbecued slowly in an outdoor pit all over a fire of pimento wood, which gives the meat its distinctive flavor. Unfortunately, jerk contains higher(prenominal) levels of salt and sodium. If a patient has health issues that include congestive totality failure or hypertension, they may need to be on a low sodium diet. A nurse can help with cultural repatterning by teaching the invitee how to reduce the salt or sodium in their diet, but at the same time hold opening their cultural food preferences.A nurse can provide recipes for jerk w ith less salt, or work with a nutritionist to tweak the clients recipes to maintain cultural flavors but lower the sodium content. A nurse can also take part in cultural brokering in their practice. For example, Christianity is the devotion that the majority of Jamaicans practice. Jamaica is known to have the most churches per forthrightly mile than any other country ( ). A nurse can intervene for a Jamaican client to ensure they receive culturally let care by working with the health care facility to coordinate care to allow for a Christian minister to accrue visit with the Jamaican patient and their family.Barriers to applying cultural preservation, accommodation, repatterning, and brokering include time, money, and health risk factors. The health care facility may not have the mover/money to allow for the tradition Jamaican wake for a deceased family member. The use of traditional herbs may be a risk to health if they interact with medications the patient is taking. A vi sit by a Christian minister may interfere with scheduled care such as diagnostic testing or no visitation/rest time. A nurse is responsible for respecting and maintaining a patients cultural preferences as much as possible. They must advocate for a patients cultural desires when possible. cultural BrokeringCultural brokering means to intervene for clients to ensure that they receive culturally appropriate care within the Western health care system. The nurse understands the clients values and the systems values, and can therefore advocate, mediate, or negotiate for the client (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). When any of these actions are practiced with the absorbed to advocate, stand up for, support, intervene, or negotiate for the culture of the individual, families, aggregates, or community, then cultural brokering is being carried out.Health EducationProvide at least(prenominal) one example from each of the following four strategies cultural preservation,cultural accommodation ,cultural repatterningcultural brokering.What is a possible barrier to applying the strategy/example chosen?Use an example that is different than the postings of other students.Jamaicans use fruits and vegetables for their heal properties. Papaya helps relieve indigestion, while guava leaves treat diarrhea, and tamarind soothes tense skin and chicken pox. Herbal medicines are popular, and herbal medicine practitioners and balmists, who practice bush medicine, provide treatment for a wide range of ailments. Herbs are administered as an infusion (tea), a poultice or bath. A popular treatment is bush tea, which can contain many ingredients such as lemon, fever grass, sour sop, breadfruit leaves and pepper elder.