Quotes From the Cynics - English Translation

Quotes From the Cynics - English Translation What is Cynicism? Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of The Stoics Bible from The Cynics Diogenes Laertius. Loeb Classical Library. 2 vols. From Socrates Antisthenes learned his hardihood, emulating his disregard of feeling, and he thus inaugurated the Cynic way of life.D.L.II. p.5. Id rather feel anger than feel pleasure.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.5. We ought to make love to such women as will feel a proper gratitude.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.5. What sort of woman should one marry? If shes beautiful, youll not have her to yourself; if shes ugly, youll pay for it dearly.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.5. It is a royal privilege to do good and be spoken ill of.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.5. It is better to fall in with crows than with flatterers; for in the one case you are devoured when dead and in the other case while alive.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. The height of human bliss? To die happy.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. As iron is eaten away by rust, so the envious are consumed by their own passion.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. States are domed when they are unable to distinguish good men from bad.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. When he was applauded by rascals: I am horribly afraid I have done something wrong.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. It is strange that we sort the wheat from the chaff and the unfit from the fit in war, but we do not excuse evil men from the service of the state.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. The advantages of philosophy? That I am able to hold converse with myself.Antisthenes.D.L.II.9. When Diogenes begged a coat from him, he bade him fold his cloak around him double.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. What learning is most necessary? How to get rid of having anything to unlearn.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. When men are slandered, they should endure it more courageously then if they were pelted with stones.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. He recommended the Athenians to vote that asses are horses because they had generals who had no training and were merely elected.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. Many men praise you. Why, what wrong have I done?Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. What must one do to become good and noble? You must learn from those who know the faults you have are to be avoided.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.11. May the sons of your e nemies live in luxury!Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.11. Virtue can be taught; nobility belongs to the virtuous; virtue alone assures happiness; virtue is an affair of deeds and needs not words or learning.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. The wise man is self-sufficient for all the goods of others are his.Antisthenes. D.L.II. p.13. Ill repute is a good thing and much the same as pain.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. The wise man will be guided in his public acts not by the established laws but by the law of virtue.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. The wise man will marry and have children with the handsomest women and he will not disdain to love since only the wise man knows who is worthy to be loved.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. To the wise man, nothing is foreign or impracticable. A good man deserves to be loved. Men of worth are friends. Make allies of men who are at once both brave and just. Virtue is a weapon that cannot be taken away.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. It is better to be with a handful of good men fighting against all the bad than to be with hosts of bad men fighting against a handful of good men.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. Pay attention to your enemies, for they are the first to discover your mistakes.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. Esteem an honest man above a kinsman.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. Virtue is the same for women as for men.Antisthenes.D.L.II.p.13. Wisdom is a most sure stronghold which never crumbles away nor is betrayed. Walls of defence must be constructed by our own impregnable reasoning.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. Strike, for you will find no wood hard enough to keep me away from you so long as I think you have something to teach me.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.25. By watching a mouse running about, not looking for a place to lie down, not afraid of the dark, not seeking any dainty things, Diogenes discovered the means of adapting himself to circumstances.D.L.II. p.25. For the conduct of life we need right reason or a halter.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.27. Antisthenes. PL.Mor.13.2,p.465. Men strive for many things, though few strive to be good.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.29. Diogenes was angry that men should sacrifice to the gods to ensure health and then feast to its detriment.D.L.II. p.31. We ought to stretch out our hands to our friends with the fingers open, not closed.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.31. You must obey me, although I am a slave, if a physician or a helmsman were in slavery, he would be obeyed.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.33. Alexander is reported [by Hecato] to have said: Had I not been Alexander, I should have liked to beDiogenes.D.L.II. p.35. PL.Mor.7,p.557. The word disabled ought to be applied not to the deaf or blind, but to those who have no wallet.Diogenes.D.L.I. p.35. Diogenes described himself as the sort of hound all praise, but none dare hunt with.D.L.II. p.35. You are an old man, take a rest! What? if I were running in the stadium ought I to slacken my pace when approaching the goal? Ought I not rather to put on speed?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.35. Having been invited to dinner, Diogenes declined, saying that the last time he had gone his host had not shown proper gratitude.D.L.II. p.35. Diogenes followed the example of the trainers of choruses in setting the note a li ttle high to ensure the rest would hit the right note.D.L.II. p.37. Some people are so nearly mad that a finger makes all the difference. If you go about with your middle finger stretched out people will think you mad, but if its the little finger you may be praised.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.37. On observing a child drinking from his hands he threw away his cup and remarked: A child has bested me at plain living.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.39. All things belong to the gods. The wise are friends of the gods and friends hold all things in common. Therefore all things belong to the wise.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.39 D.L.II. p.73. To a woman ungracefully kneeling before a god: Are you not afraid good woman that the god may be standing behind you, for all things are full of his presence and you may be put to shame?Diogenes.D.L.,II. p.39. To fortune oppose courage, to convention nature, to passion reason.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. When Alexander told him to ask any boon he liked: Stand out of my light.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. PL.Mor.7,p.557. It would be ludicrous if good men were to dwell in the mire while folk of no account were to live in the Isles of the Blest because they had been initiated.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. When mice crept on to his table: See how even Diogenes keeps parasites.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. When Plato called him a dog: Quite true, I return again and again to those who have sold me.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. Upon leaving the baths he was asked if many men were bathing and replied, no; asked if there was a great crowd of bathers he replied yes.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. Plato had defined man as a featherless, biped animal. Diogenes brought a plucked chicken to the lecture hall and said: Here is Platos man.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. The proper time for lunch? If a rich man, when you will; if a poor man when you can.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. Its better to be a Megarians ram than his son.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. He lit a lamp in daylight and went about the streets saying: I am looking for a man.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. On seeing a religious purification: Unhappy man, dont you know that you can no more get rid of errors of conduct by sprinklings than you can mistakes of grammar?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. Men pray for things which seem to them good and not for good things.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. There are those who are more alive to their dreams than to their real lives.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. When the herald proclaimed Dioxippus to be victor: over men, Diogenes protested: Nay, over slaves, I over men.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. On being dragged before Philip and accused of spying: Yes, a spy upon your insatiable greed.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. PL.Mor.7,p.561. Alexander having sent a letter to Antipater by Athlios: Graceless son of graceless sire to graceless wight by graceless squire.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. Perdiccas having threatened him with death if he did not come to him: Thats nothing wonderful, for a beetle or a tarantula would do the same. I would have been properly threatened if Peridiccas had suggested he would be happy at my absence.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. The gods have given us the means of living easily, but that this had been put out of sight by our need for luxuries.Diogenes.D.L.I I. p.47. To a man having his shoes put on by a slave: You will not attain full felicity until he wipes your nose as well and that will come when you have lost the use of your hands.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. When the officials of the temple led away a man who stolen a bowl: The great thieves are leading away the little thief.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. To a boy throwing stones at the gallows: Good work, one day youll find your mark.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.34. To a man wearing a lions skin: Leave-off dishonouring the habiliments of courage.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. To one commenting on Callisthenes good fortune: Not so, but ill fortune, for he must breakfast and dine when Alexander thinks fit.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. Being short of money, he told his friends that he asked not for alms, but for his salary.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. When masturbating in the market place, he wished it were as easy to relieve hunger by rubbing an empty stomach.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47 D.L.II. p.71. PL.Mor.13.2,p.501. To a youth playing c ottabos: The better you play the worse it is for you.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. An ignorant rich man he called the sheep with the golden fleece.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. Seeing a for sale sign on the house of a profligate: I knew that after his excesses you would expel your owner.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. To a man who complained of being importuned: Cease to hang out a sign of invitation.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. Of a dirty bath: When people have bathed here, where are they to go to get clean?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. Diogenes alone praised a stout musician saying he was worthy for being so big and continuing to sing to his lute instead of turning brigand.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. To a musician who was always deserted by his audience: Hail chanticleer! Your song makes everyone rise.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. Hegesias asked him for one of his works: You dont choose painted figs over real ones and yet you pass over true training and apply yourself to written rules.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. When reproached for his exile: Nay, it was through you, you miserable fellow, that I became a ph ilosopher.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. The people of Sinope exiled him; he condemned them to staying home.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. Why are athletes so stupid? Because they are built up of pork and beef.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. Why are you begging from a statue? To get practice in being refused.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. PL.Mor.7,p.65. If you have already given to anyone else, give to me also, if not, begin with me.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. What bronze is best for a statue? That of which Harmodius and Aristogiton were moulded.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. How does Dionysius treat his friends? Like purses; so long as they are full he hangs them up and when they are empty he throws them away.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. The love of money is the mother of all evils.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Seeing a spendthrift eating olives in a tavern: If you had breakfasted in this fashion, you would not be so dining.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Good men are the images of gods and love the business of the idle.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. What is wretched? An old man destitute .Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. What creature has the worst bite? Of those that are wild, the sycophants, of those that are tame, the flatterers.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Ingratiating speech is honey used to choke you.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. The stomach is lifes Charybdis.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Why is gold pale? Because it has so many thieves plotting against it.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Seeing some women hanged from an olive tree. Would that every tree bore similar fruit.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Do you have anyone to wait on you? No. Then who will carry you to burial? Whoever wants the house.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. Noticing a youth lying in an exposed position: Up man up lest some foe thrust a dart in your back.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. What sort of man do you consider Diogenes to be? A Socrates gone mad.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. The right time to marry? For a young man, not yet; for an old man, never at all.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. A man dressing with care: If its for men youre a fool; if for women a knave.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. To a blushing youth: Courage, that is the hue of virtue.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. After listening to two lawyers disputing and condemned them: one man had no doubt stolen, but the other had lost nothing.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. 118. What wine is pleasant to drink? That for which others pay.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 57. People laugh at you: But I am not laughed down.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. Life is evil: Not life, but living ill.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. When advised to go after his runaway slave: It would be absurd if Manes can live without Diogenes, that Diogenes could not get on without Manes.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. What kind of hound are you? When hungry a Maltese; when full a Molossian - two breeds that most people praise, though for fear of fatigue they do not venture out hunting with them. So neither can you live with me because you are afraid of the discomforts.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. Why do people give to beggars and not to philosophers? Because they think that one day they may be lame or bli nd, but never expect that they will turn to philosophy.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. On begging to a miser who was slow to respond: My friend, its for food that Im asking, not for funeral expenses.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.59. On being rebuked for falsifying the currency: That was the time when I was such as you are now, but such as I am now you will never be.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 59. To Myndus, a small city with large gates: Men of Myndus, bar your gates lest the city run away!Diogenes.D.L.II. p.59. In response to Craterus invitation: No, I would rather live on a few grains of salt at Athens than enjoy sumptuous fare at Crateruss table.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 59. To Anaximenes the fat rhetorician: Let us beggars have something of your paunch; it will be a relief to you and we shall get advantage.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 59. Being reproached for eating in the market: Well, it was in the market that I felt hungry.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.59. Plato saw him washing lettuce and said: If you had paid court to Dionysius you wouldnt now be washing lettuce. Diogenes: If you had washed lettuce you wouldnt have paid court to Dionysius.D.L.II. p.59. Most people laugh at you: And asses laugh at them, but as they do not care about asses so do I not care about them.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. Seeing a youth studying philosophy: Well done, Philosophy, that you divert admirers of bodily charms to the beauty of the soul.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. On the votive offerings at Samothrace: There would have been far more if those who were not saved had set up offerings.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. To a young man going out to dinner: You will come back a worse man.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. I will give you alms if you can persuade me: If I could persuade you I would persuade you to hang yourself.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. On his way from Lacedaemon to Athens: From the mens apartments to the womens.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. Libertines he compared to fig trees growing on a cliff whose fruit was eaten by vultures and ravens rather then by men.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. When a golden statue of Aphrodite was set up at Delphi: From the licentiousness of Greece.Diogenes.D.L.II . I am Alexander the Great King: and I am Diogenes the Cynic.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. Why are you called a Cynic? I fawn on those who give me anything, I bark at those who refuse, and I set my teeth in rascals.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. Handsome courtesans are like a deadly honeyed poison.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. A crowd gathered round when he ate in the market place calling him dog: It is you who are dogs when you stand around and watch me eat.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 63. When two cowards slunk away from him: Dont be afraid, a Cynic is not fond of beet root.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. On seeing a stupid wrestler practicing medicine: What does this mean? Are you to have your revenge on those who formerly beat you?Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 63. Seeing the child of a courtesan throwing stones at a crowd: Take care you dont hit your father.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. A boy having shown him a dagger he had received from an admirer: A pretty blade with an ugly handle.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. A man was commended for givin g him a gratuity: Have you no praise for me who was worthy to receive it?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. A man asked if he might have his cloak back: If it was a gift I possess it and if it was a loan I am still using it.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. What have you gained from philosophy? This if nothing else, to be prepared for every fortune.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. Where are you from? I am a citizen of the world.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. To parents sacrificing to the gods in hopes of having a boy: But you do not sacrifice to ensure what manner of man he shall be.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. Being reproached for going in dirty places: The sun visits cesspools without being defiled.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. You dont know anything even though you are a philosopher: Even if I am a pretender to wisdom, that is philosophy.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. Someone brought him a child, highly gifted and of excellent character: What need then has he of me?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. Those who say excellent things yet fail to perform them are like harps as both have neither hearing nor perception.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. When he was asked why he was entering the theatre, meeting face to face everyone else as they came out: This is what I practice doing all my life.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. To a gay man: Are you not ashamed to make yourself less than natures intention; for nature made you a man and you play the part of a woman.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. To one who was ill adapted to study philosophy: Why then do you live if you do not care to live well?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. To one who despised his father: Are you not ashamed to despise him to whom you owe it that you can pride yourself?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. To a prating, handsome youth: Are you not ashamed to draw a dagger of lead from an ivory scabbard?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. 121. Being reproached for drinking in a tavern: Well, I also get my hair cut in a barbers shop.Diogenes.D.L.II. v.2, p.67. Many go to great pains to get what they would be better off without.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. To one with perfumed hair: Beware that the sweet scent on your head cause not an ill odour in your life.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Bad men obey their lusts as slaves obey their masters.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. On seeing a bad archer he sat down in front of the target: So as to not get hit.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Lovers derive their pleasures from their misfortunes.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Is death evil? How can it be since in its presence we are not even aware of it?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Alexander asked if he were afraid of him: Why? What are you, a good or a bad thing? A good thing. Who then is afraid of the good?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Education controls the young, consoles the old and adorns the rich.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. The most beautiful thing in the world? Freedom of speech.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 71. On entering a boys school he found there many statues of the Muses, but few pupils: By the help of the gods, schoolmaster, you have filled your classroom.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.71. Two kinds of training, mental and bodily, each incomplete without the other.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.71. Nothing in life has any chance of succeeding without strenuous practice and this is capable of overcoming anything.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.73. Even the despising of pleasure is pleasurable once we are habituated to it.Diogene s.D.L.II. p.73. Diogenes lives like Heracles, who preferred liberty to everything.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.73. It is impossible for society to exist without law. Without a city no benefit can be derived from what is called civilization. The city is civilised and there is no advantage in law without a city; therefore law is something civilised.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. Good birth and fame are the ornaments of vice.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. The only true commonwealth is as wide as the universe.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. Open union between a man who persuades and a woman who consents is better than marriage.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. Music, geometry, astronomy and the like studies are useless and unnecessary.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. What are you good for? Ruling men.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.77. Sell me to this man [Xaniades]; he needs a master!Diogenes.D.L.II. p.77. On slavery: Lions are not the slaves of those who feed them, rather, their masters are slaves to their possessions. Fear is the mark of the slave and lions do not fe ar men.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.77. Diogenes had a wonderful gift of persuasion and could easily vanquish anyone he liked in argument.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.77. It is the privilege of the gods to need nothing and of godlike men to want but little.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.109. Crates was a Theban; he was known as the Door-opener from his habit of entering into houses and admonishing those within.D.L.II. p.89. Set down for the chef ten minas, for the doctor One drachma, for the flatterer talents five, For counsel smoke, for mercenary beauty A talent, for the philosopher three obols.Crates.D.L.II. p.89. That much I have which I have learnt and thought, The noble lessons taught me by the Muses; But wealth amassed is prey to vanity.Crates.D.L.II. p.89. What have you gained from philosophy? A quirt of lupins and to care for no one.Crates.D.L.II. p.91. Hunger stops love, or, if not hunger, Time, Or, failing both of these means of help, a halter.Crates.D.L.II. p.91. In summer-time a thick cloak he would wear To be like Crates, and in w inter rags.Philemon.D.L.II. p.91. Diocles relates how Diogenes persuaded Crates to give up his fields to sheep pasture and throw into the sea any money he had. In the home of Crates, Alexander is said to have lodged.D.L.II. p.91. The marriage of intrigue and adultery belongs to tragedy, having exile or assassination for its rewards; those who take up with courtesans are subjects for comedy since drunkenness and extravagance end in madness.Crates.D.L.II. p.93. Crates brother Pasicles, was a disciple of Euclides.D.L.II. p.93. It is impossible to find a man free from flaws; just as with the pomegranate, one seed is always going bad.Crates.D.L.II. p.93. We should study philosophy to the point of seeing generals as mere monkey drivers.Crates.D.L.II. p.95. Those who live with flatters are no safer than calves in the midst of wolves; neither have any to protect them and only such as plot against them.Crates.D.L.II. p.95. When Alexander asked if he would like his native city rebuilt: Why should it be? Another Alexander will come along and destroy it again.Crates.D.L.II. p. 97. Ignominy and Poverty are my country which Fortune can never take captive. I am a fellow citizen with Diogenes who defied all plots of envy.Crates.D.L.II. p. 97. Wearing a cloak youll go about with me, As once with Cynic Crates went his wife: His daughter too, as he himself declared, He gave in marriage for a month on trial.Menander. Twin Sisters.D.L.II. p.97. When he burned his own works: Phantoms are these of dreams o the world below.Metrocles.D.L.II. p.99. Do you suppose that I have been ill-advised, if instead of wasting further time on the loom, I have spent it on education?Hipparchia.D.L.II. p.101.

Tax Return Reviews by the Canada Revenue Agency

Tax Return Reviews by the Canada Revenue Agency Because the Canadian tax system is based on self-assessment, every year the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) conducts a series of reviews of the tax returns submitted to see what mistakes are being made and to ensure compliance with the Canadian income tax laws. The reviews help the CRA to correct areas of misunderstanding and to improve the guides and information they provide to the Canadian public. If your income tax return is selected for a review, it is not the same thing as a tax audit. How Tax Returns Are Chosen for Review Four main ways that a tax return is selected for a review are: randomlycomparing tax returns with other sources of information, such as tax information slipsthe type of tax credits or deduction claimedthe review history of an individual, for example, checking to ensure that an adjustment was made to a claim that was reviewed. It doesnt make any difference whether you file your tax return online or by mail. The process of review selection is the same. When Tax Reviews are Done Most Canadian income tax returns are initially processed without a manual review and a Notice of Assessment and tax refund (if appropriate) are sent as soon as possible. That usually is done about two to six weeks after the CRA receives the return. All tax returns are screened by the CRAs computer system, though, and a tax return may be selected for a review later. As pointed out by the CRA in the General Income Tax and Benefit Guide, all taxpayers are required by law to keep receipts and documents for at least six years in the case of review. Types of Tax Reviews The following types of reviews give an idea of when you could expect a tax review. Pre-assessment Review: These tax reviews are done before a Notice of Assessment is issued. The peak time frame is February to July.Processing Review (PR): These reviews are done after a Notice of Assessment is sent. The peak time is August to December.Matching Program: This program takes place after the Notice of Assessment has been sent. Information on tax returns is compared with information from other sources, such as T4s and other tax information slips. The peak period is from October to March. The Matching Program corrects the net income reported by individuals and corrects errors in a taxpayers RRSP deduction limit and spouse-related claims such as child-care expenses and provincial and territorial tax credits and deductions. The Matching Program also covers the Beneficial Client Adjustments initiative which identifies under-claimed credits relating to tax deducted at source or Canada Pension Plan contributions. The tax return is adjusted and a Notice of Reassessment is issued. Special Assessments: These tax reviews are done both before and after a Notice of Reassessment is issued. They identify both trends and individual situations of non-compliance. Requests for information are sent to the taxpayer. How to Respond to a CRA Tax Review In a tax review, the CRA first tries to verify the taxpayers claim using the information they have from third-party sources. If the agency needs more information, a CRA representative will contact the taxpayer by phone or in writing. When you respond to a CRA request, be sure to include the reference number found on the upper right corner of the letter. Answer within the time frame specified. Be sure to provide all documents and/or receipts requested. If all receipts or documents arent available, include a written explanation or call the number on the bottom of the letter with the explanation. If your tax return is being reviewed under the Processing Review (PR) Program, you may be able to send scanned documents online using the CRAs guidelines for submitting documents electronically. Questions or Disagreements? If you have questions or disagree with information received from a CRA tax review program, first call the phone number given in the letter you received. If you still dont agree after talking to the CRA, then you have the right to a formal review. See Complaints and Disputes for more information.

Office Gym Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Office Gym Time - Essay Example For the first group, Group A, a survey was sent to 20 random employees who had access to the office gym and also were offered an incentive of 30 minutes paid gym time by their office. For the second group, Group B, a survey was sent to 20 random employees, all of whom had access to the office gym but were not paid to do so by the company. Randomization was done through the use of a computer program to select random employee ID numbers. After the data was collected, it was graphed and analyzed. The first graph on the left compares the amount of office gym time that was used between the two groups. The top box plot shows Group A’s use of the gym, while the bottom box plot shows Group B’s use of the gym. As can be seen from the box plot, Group A spent considerably more time in the gym, and this was most likely due to the paid incentive. However, this graph alone is not enough to determine the program’s success. For further analysis, the box plot on the right shows employee satisfaction between the two groups. As can be seen from the box plot, it appears that Group A has slightly higher employee satisfaction. Further analysis was conducted by calculating the summary statistics. The table shows the calculated summary statistics for gym time for each group. From the summary statistics calculated in this table, we can conclude that Group As gym time was higher than Group Bs. This was most likely due to the paid incentive for Group A. However, a link needs to be made to prove the benefits involved. To show this link, the employee satisfaction summary statistics show the differences in employee satisfaction between the two groups. As can be seen by the summary statistics, the mean and median for Group A are both considerably higher. As such, it is statistically confirmed that Group As the level of satisfaction is higher than that of Group Bs.

Sustainable Housing Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainable Housing Dissertation - Essay Example People in the United Kingdom have received many benefits from sustainable housing. The United Kingdom has developed numerous green and sustainable buildings. The paper first elaborates the concept of Green Home or Sustainable housing and the need for switching to sustainable housing is been discussed. The code of sustainable homes focuses on evaluating the homes in terms of the benchmark of Building Research Establishment’s Eco homes. Various types of sustainable constructions are mentioned in the research paper. Furthermore, the paper debates on various energy resources as well as material useful for sustainable constructions. Additionally, a discussion on the proper location for sustainable building, on the basis of different parameters, is included in the paper. There many types of sustainable housing mentioned in the paper. The paper offers specific examples of Eco friendly constructions in United Kingdom. On the basis of this discussion the paper concludes that the well-b eing of future generation should be taken into consideration by the construction industry. Key words: sustainable housing, low or zero carbon houses, eco homes, carbon emission. TABLE OF CONTENT Page No. Abstract....................

Organizational Behavior in Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior in Criminal Justice Essay Organizational behavior in a criminal justice agency is the way in which employees and their superiors interact amongst themselves and with one another both positively and negatively. Organizational behavior itself is the study of social conduct as it relates to the confines of a specific group. It is the study of how an individual or group interacts with one another and the dynamics of the personal relationships that evolve from that contact (Duan, Lam, Chen, Zhong, 2010). The shifting paradigm trends describe by Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn (2008) can be used to delve further into the understanding of the organizational behavior that exists in most criminal justice agencies. The archetypical performance falls into one of seven categories; commitment to ethical behavior, importance of human capital, demise of command-and-control, emphasis on team work, pervasive influence of information technology, respect for new workforce expectations, and changing careers. From these trends both positive and negative characteristics of criminal justice agencies can be identified. â€Å"Commitment to ethical behavior: Highly publicized scandals involving unethical and illegal business practices prompt concerns for ethical behavior in the workplace; there is growing intolerance for breaches of public faith by organizations and those who run them† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). In criminal justice agencies ethical violations often are handled with little fan fair. Any level of impropriety introduced in the prying public eye can have innumerous repercussions. The loss of public support and trust can be a huge problem, but it affects the internal structure too. Depending on how fairly and swiftly the situation is handled determines whether or not those in charge gain or lose respect. Judgments will be passed on how the situation was controlled, and how it should have been dealt with. In delicate matters like this behaviors of retaliation and accusations of bias are important to be kept at a minimum. â€Å"Importance of human capital: A dynamic and complex environment poses continuous challenges; sustained success is earned through knowledge, experience, and commitments of people as valuable human assets of organizations† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). The workforce is the heart of a criminal justice agency. It should be the single most cherished asset. The appreciation of experience by an organization is vital. But more importantly the recognition, respect, and aspiration by new members and seasoned is a must. This necessity recognizes a clear chain of command and model of training. â€Å"Demise of command-and-control: Traditional hierarchical structures are proving incapable of handling new environmental pressures and demands; they are being replaced by flexible structures and participatory work settings that fully value human capital† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). Shared responsibility and the extinction of the â€Å"because it h as always been done that way† is a requirement in the modern criminal justice agency. It is being replaced by the attitude that the old way is not always the best way, and we all have a lot to learn from one another. While command still flows in one direction; ideas can come from anywhere. â€Å"Emphasis on teamwork: Organizations today are less vertical and more horizontal in focus; driven by complex environments and customer demands, work is increasingly team based with a focus on peer contributions† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). In a criminal justice agency teamwork may have become common place, but improvements still need to be made in the area of information sharing. While no man is an island, neither is an agency. For the sake of public welfare resources need to be pooled. â€Å"Pervasive influence of information technology: As computers penetrate all aspects of the workplace, implications for workflows, work arrangements, and organizational systems and processes are far-reaching† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). We are in the information technology age and the correct resources and know-how can be the deciding factor in the constant struggle bet ween criminals and policing agencies. Increased educational and computer skills demands are needed to boost and maintain an advantage at any level of criminal justice agency. â€Å"Respect for new workforce expectations: The new generation of workers is less tolerant of hierarchy, more informal, and less concerned about status; organizations are paying more attention to helping members balance work responsibilities and personal affairs† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). While a certain amount of attention should be paid to new workforce expectations it is important not to compromise the integrity of the job expectations. A balanced life should lead to a happy and relaxed employee who theoretically should also be more effective and efficient in an effort to maintain employment in the desired environment. Employer’s must remain fair but also realize their top priority in the criminal justice field is not to ensure employee happiness. An employee who can balance work and a private life on his own should be a valuable commodity. â€Å"Changing careers: The new realities of a global economy find employers using more â€Å"offshoring† and â€Å"outsourcing† of jobs; more individuals are now working as independent contractors rather than as traditional full-time employees† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2008, para. 14). In criminal justice agency this trend is no different. It is not uncommon for governments to hire private security firms and private corrections companies. However, by outsourcing such positions power is lost in the public sector. Monitoring a regulations create more work when dealing with outside policing forces. It also opens up a gray area for bad behavior and a hired gun mentality. While roles may be redefined privatization of criminal justice agencies can be more of a problem than a convenience. Study of workplace environments and the effects of the personnel’s behavior can only continue to bring about recognition of areas in need of improvement. Works Cited Duan, J., Lam, W., Chen, Z., Zhong, J.A. (2010). Leadership justice, negative organizational behaviors, and the mediating effect of affective commitment. Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 38(9), 1287-1296. Retrieved from http://biere.louisiana.edu:2092/ehost/detail?hid=17sid=5d563aca-ec9a-43c49e42db48b73a6784%40sessionmgr4vid=4bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=sihAN=54018927 Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J. G., Osborn, R. N. (2008). Organizational Behavior. Available from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx.

Karl Marx :: essays research papers

Karl Marx was the father of laissez-faire which means the survival of the fittest. Those who develop the most complex of societies, those with the most money and power are considered the fittest and have â€Å"triumphed† over the inferior. This occurs in order for society to move forward and create a work ethic for members of the working class to follow. This may only occur for members of the dominant group. Those who are non-white and non-male may not experience the same benefits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poverty a sign of inferiority because they don’t have the power the fittest have. Those who owned the means of production were the â€Å"fit† individuals because this gave them power over the lower classes. Spencer argued against government interference to help the lower classes, he said that this would only go against the natural evolution of mankind. The Welfare system, in Spencer’s critique is a system to help the parasites of society to survive. They drain the system that the capitalists have built. Over time these â€Å"unfit† classes would either improve or die off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Simple societies were like infants, which would either grow up, aided, ideally by the example of more advances adults, or not evolve and therefore die off.† (Social Theory for a Change, P.53). These ideas were from a capitalist prospective. Spencer felt that an entirely free market could work; Marx’s laissez-faire ideas backed the idea that government interference or regulation would once again only inhibit the natural evolution of society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Only laissez-faire (Free economy) capitalism, which permitted individuals to profit as they saw fit, would allow human happiness and further societal progress† (P.49) Spencer’s ideas were imperialist because they say that only the strongest/fittest of societies will last over time and â€Å"inferior† nations wouldn’t be able to adapt to the changing world and would eventually disappear.

Unit 242 It Security for Users

[242] IT security for users [242. 1] Select and use appropriate methods to minimise security risk to IT systems and data Assessment Criteria | 1. 1|   | Describe the security issues that may threaten system performanceThe possible threats to system performance may be: unwanted e-mail (‘spam’), malicious programs (including viruses, trojans) and hackers.Security precautions can be taken beforehand such as use of access controls. We can configure anti-virus software, adjust firewall settings, adjust internet security settings; backup; store personal data and software safely; treat messages, files, software and attachments from unknown sources with caution; download security software updates. | | |   | | | 1. |   | Describe the threats to system and information security and integrityThe possible threats to information security may be: from theft, unauthorised access, accidental file deletion, use of removable storage media; malicious programs (including viruses, troja ns), hackers, phishing and identity theft; unsecured and public networks, default passwords and settings, wireless networks, Bluetooth, portable and USB devices. |   | 1. |   | Keep information secure and manage personal access to information sources securelyProtect systems and data: Access controls: Physical controls: log-in details should be treated as credit card information and not to be left lying anywhere with an easy access, locks, passwords, access levels. |   | 1. 5|   | Describe ways to protect hardware, software and data and minimise security riskThere are steps to prevent threats to system and information: access to information sources should be allowed with Username and password/PIN selection.The system set up on password strength; how and when to change passwords (monthly); online identity/profile; Real name, pseudonym; what personal information to include, who can see the information; Respect confidentiality, avoid inappropriate disclosure of information. | | |   | | | 1. 7|   | Describe why it is important to backup data and how to do so securelyData backup involves the storing of files from your computer in another location. In this way, if there is ever any loss of data on your primary machine, you still have your data in backup in order to restore those files. Read this  Chapter 2 – Why Security is NeededIn order to maintain the integrity of stored data, project data should be protected from physical damage as well as from tampering, loss, or theft. This is best done by limiting access to the data. Manager should decide which members are authorised to access and manage the stored data. Notebooks or questionnaires should be kept together in a safe, secure location away from public access, e. g. , a locked file cabinet. Privacy and anonymity can be assured by replacing names and other information with encoded identifiers, with the encoding key kept in a different secure location.Ultimately, the best way to protect data may be to fully educate all members of the team about data protection procedures. As a way of protection data and confidential information in Trust Royal Marsden Hospital there is mandatory Information Governance training yearly for every employee. Theft and hacking are particular concerns with electronic data. Many r esearch projects involve the collection and maintenance of human subjects data and other confidential records that could become the target of hackers.The costs of reproducing, restoring, or replacing stolen data and the length of recovery time in the event of a theft highlight the need for protecting the computer system and the integrity of the data. Electronic data can be protected by taking the following precautions: * Protecting access to data. * Protecting your system by keeping up-to-date software and if using connection to the Internet, use a firewall. * regularly back up electronic data files and create both hard and soft copies.Data storage and backup is important because: * Properly storing data is a way to safeguard your information. * Data may need to be accessed in the future. * |   | 1. 8|   | Select and use effective backup procedures for systems and dataTo have an effective back up you will need to create a procedure for how you will back up data and restore your data in the case of loss. You will need to have a plan in place that details the steps to take when an emergency situation occurs. You will need to plan for each possible type of disaster and how you would recover from it.You will also need to decide who is responsible for restoring files and which files have highest priority, and have a communication plan to keep everyone informed of the restoration process. At my workplace there is a following procedure in place: each employee has been created a personal U: drive to store confidential information which can be accessed by logging in with individually created nickname and password (that requires change monthly). And on each PC each employee can perform under Microsoft system tools – back up which can be stored on a server. In future the backed up data can easily be restored if needed. |

Irish Immigration

When the Irish immigrated to the United States in 1850 after the great potatoes famine in Ireland, the Irish natives were poor and without money, although prejudice did not seem to affect the Irish they were subjected to prejudice and segregation. Because the Irish fit in with the white race upon entry to the United States they were not discriminated against like the African Americans and Asian immigrants who were often denied entry into the United States because of their color and ethnic characteristics.However the Irish were poor and forced to live in the filthiest neighborhoods and alleys most lived in basement or apartments that were not properly ventilated and damaged by sewage. The social status of the Irish forced them to take job that were often dangerous like building railroad, these people were forced to take these jobs because no employer would give an Irish man or women a decent job. At this time in history cites needed hard manual laborers because the Irish were unskille d and poor they worked for the lower wages other ethnic groups would not.People were threatened by the Irish because of their hard working ethnics and because of their catholic religion signs for employment would often say â€Å"Irish need not apply. † (Hy Kinsella, 1996-2010. para3. ) Catholic Churches were often burnt down and riots occurred protesting Irish Immigrants, America in the 1850’s recognized the Irish as poor, filthy criminal who would work for pennies, many feared their upward movement in society, but eventually the Irish overcame the new world that showed then so much prejudice and discrimination.After entering the county the Irish were not only affected by poverty and prejudice other events also plagued the Irish but some things moved the Irish up in society. The dual labor market affect the Irish, because employers were not willing to give uneducated and unskilled people†¦ During the 1800’s the Irish began arriving in the United States. In the 1820s there were 5 million Irish immigrants living in the United States. By the 1840s, almost half of all immigrants residing in the United States were Irish and only one-third by the 1850s (Kenny, 2008).The reception of the Irish from the native-born Americans was not one of warmth and acceptance. Fleeing Ireland was a matter of life and death for some. The quest for a better life was hindered by the â€Å"unwelcome† mat placed before them when they arrived (The History Place). During 1845 – 1849 was a period known as â€Å"The Great Famine† or â€Å"Great Hunger† in Ireland (University College Cork, Ireland). The potato, a main staple on which more than one-third of the Irish population relied upon to survive, was overcome by a fungus known today as â€Å"potato blight. Between 1846 and 1851 over 1 million Irish died of starvation and various hunger-related infectious diseases. Many of those deaths were of the poor. It was believed that the Ireland ’s Government had abandoned the people by not helping the hungry, yet continuing the exportation of food (University College Cork, Ireland). The Irish entered the United States through various routes. Some took the expensive US ships to Boston and some gained access by walking over the border into New York from Canada (University College Cork, Ireland).It was mostly poor refugees who were fleeing their famine stricken homeland and their slums of Ireland to come to America, only to face prejudice, discrimination, and hostile American nativists. (The History Place). Forced to live in basements, cellars, or one-room apartments, the Irish lived in their own section of each town, often referred to as Irish slums (The History Place). Landlords victimized the Irish settlers by charging $1. 50 a week for a small room. Single family homes were sub-divided into nine-by-eleven foot rooms with no water,†¦ Remember, remember always, that all of us†¦ are descended from immigrants and revolutionists. Franklin D. Roosevelt] Other factors that increased and reinforced this inflow were the decline in the birthrate as well as an increase in industry and urbanization in the United States. The United States, in the 19th Century, remained a strong magnet to immigrants, with offers of jobs and land for farms. Earlier immigrants considered that in America, the streets were, â€Å"paved with gold,† and at the same time as well as offerings of religious and political freedom. A German immigrant to Missouri wrote home about: â€Å"[The] abundance of overbearing soldiers, haughty clergymen, and inquisitive tax collectors†¦ During the years 1890-1924 the reasons for the immigration had a change from the past trends. The kinds of immigrants also changed. Jews came for religious freedom, Italians and Asians came for work and Russians came to escape persecution from the powers in their home country. The reason that America had jobs was still prevalent in this pe riod. America had religious freedom for the many people around those who were facing tyrannical situations from their respective countries. All these reasons were the cornerstone of the fact that America was called the â€Å"Land of Opportunities†. The Immigrants to the U. S. uring 1870 – 1920s There were mainly the Irish and British who immigrated to America during this time period. The circumstances in which the Irish immigrated to America were quite different from those of the British and they also differed in their impact on the U. S. One of the reason why the Irish immigrated to U. S was the potato famine that killed over a million. Apart from the famine conditions, the Irish were tired of the British rule in their country. The ordinary Irishman was under the tyrannical control of the British landlords. Ireland was a country of prolonged depression and social hardship during this period.Ireland was so ravaged by economic collapse that in rural areas, the average a ge of death was 19. Miller, Mulholland & Patricia show through intimate letters, journals, and diaries of actual immigrants, in the Journey of Hope how the Irish in America and their triumphant rise from adversity and prejudice to prosperity and prominence. The social class of majority of the Irish immigrants was tenant farmers. They did not have any expertise for farm work and were quite poor to but any land for themselves in America. They aged from teenager to young adult mainly from the Roman Catholic.The second largest inflow into America was from the British. The British immigrated to America for various reasons. Mostly professionals, independent farmers, and skilled workers, the British came to simply look for better opportunities of work. Most immigrants from Britain were fairly young and Protestant. Cinel has noticed that return migration to Italy from the United States from 1870 to 1929 took place. A large number of Italians did not intend to settle permanently in the Unite d States. Rather, they immigrated temporarily to the United States to make money in order to buy land in Italy.Order Your Custom Term Papers, College Essays and Research Papers After the Civil War of 1861, the immigration agents went to Europe to enlist recruits for the American Industrial army. In 1864 they legalized contracts by which immigrants pledged the wages of their labor for a term not to exceed twelve months to repay expenses of their journey to the U. S. This and other such moves were made to encourage the immigrants. But the year 1868 saw a repeal of the law. Even under the repeal of the law, the American Emigrant Company still imported laborers until 1865 when Congress made it unlawful.The immigrants who expected great work opportunities on American soil were also looked upon by the politicians as potential voters. There were classes of immigrants who were considered â€Å"voting cattle†. These cattle were used by their bosses to milk the plant of politics. Altho ugh the immigrant vote did not seriously affect the outcome of elections but it gave rise to a serious debate over the rights and interests of the immigrants. Telushkin states that the Jews first arrived to New Amsterdam in 1654 and then to the Lower East Side in the early 20th century. It was the diversity of the immigrants that J.Hector St. Josh de Crevecouer said, â€Å"What, then, is this new man, the American? They are a mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, and Swedes. From this promiscuous breed, that race, now called Americans, have arisen. † Unique Characteristics of America for the immigrants The main reason why most of the immigrants migrated was the tyrannical situations in their homelands. America was attractive because of the fact that young men were not forced to serve long years in the army. The immigrants had a genuine likeness for the land of opportunities, the U.S, since they could achieve what their parents could not. They also found i n America, a place where they could do whatever they wanted in the ideas of religion and politics. Laws Restricting Immigration There was a propaganda spread in the favor of laws restricting immigration as a means of protecting the American wage earned. The restrictions on the immigration started coming in from 1875. The first restriction of immigration was that of prostitutes and felons. In 1882 the government reacted to the anti-immigrant feelings and made more restrictions barring the insane, the retarded, and people likely to need public care.In 1892 the U. S further restricted the immigration of convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, people suffering from diseases, and people liable to public charges. Another reason that the leaders might have judged in those olden times is pointed out by Patrick J. Buchanan in his work. According to the author in The Death of the West is that the United States is no longer a healthy melting pot, but instead a confused, tottering â€Å"conglomera tion of peoples with almost nothing in common. † BIBLIOGRAPHY â€Å"America must be kept American† Quoted. President Coolidge signing Immigration Quota Law in 1924Quote on immigrant’s importance by Franklin D. Roosevelt The National Integration of Italian Return Migration, 1870-1929 by Dino Cinel The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization by Patrick J. Buchanan The Golden Land: The Story of Jewish Immigration to America: An Interactive History With Removable Documents and Artifacts by Joseph Telushkin Journey of Hope: The Story of Irish Immigration to America by Kerby Miller, Patricia Mulholland Miller, Patricia Muholland Miller Quote by J. Hector St. Josh de CrevecouerI chose the Italin ethnicity as the ethnic group that I feel like I am most related to. I researched determined that the itialins immigrated to the United States. I would her my great aunts and uncles talking about our family â€Å"com ing over on the boat† and I was so young I never really understood that saying until I was in school and learned about those type things. The Irish immigrated to the United States of America with promises of a better life. That was not the case upon arrival for the Irish settlers. They faced prejudice, segregation, and many other forms of discrimination.Their treatment was very poor and unwelcoming to say the least. The moment they stepped off the ships from Ireland, they were segregated into the most impoverished areas to seek shelter in slums and attempted to fit their entire families into rooms no bigger than today's average bedroom. As a group, the Irish were shunned and turned away from many job opportunities being confronted by signs which stated â€Å"Irish need not apply†. Being that the British still dominated the â€Å"New World†, the Irish was also prosecuted because of their Catholic religion.The Irish Americans were subjected to a dual labor market. During the late 1800's, after the first large Irish immigration into America, Irish immigrants were considered to be the poorest of all the immigrants coming into the United States. Because of the constant prejudice against Irish, they were kept at this poor standing by only being offered the lowest paying, and the most backbreaking jobs available, leaving the higher paying jobs for natural American citizens. â€Å"During the 1850's there was no group who seemed lower than the Irish.Some of this was due to poverty but the Irish were also considered bad for the neighborhood. The term Redlining did not come into use until after the Fair Housing Act of 1934. During the 1800's you could easily say the Irish were redlined. During the mid-1850's there was the Know Nothing movement. This movement was designed to keep Irish Catholics from holding public office; the opposition was by Irish Protestants. † (Kinsella, 1996) http://www. squidoo. com/irish-history-and-immigration-to-the-un ited-states Home  » Culture ; Society  » History Irish History and Immigration to the United StatesRanked #3,915 in Culture ; Society, #82,887 overall Through Their Eyes Shared, first-hand liver cancer  survivor stories through their eyes CancerCenter. com/CareThatNeverQuits Grants for Women You May Qualify for Grants to Earn  a Degree Online. Search Schools. EducationConnection. com/GrantsInfo UNICEF USA Monthly Giving Pledge Your Monthly Support and  Help UNICEF Save Children's Lives! www. unicefusa. org Explore Irish History and Cultural Values This page is an exploration of Irish culture and history, particularly in relation to the immigration to the United states.It includes documentaries about the motivating factors behind many Irish people immigrating to America during a relatively short period of time. This page focuses on some of the struggles that faced many immigrants, and how that has become a part of the American melting pot of cultures. The Irish people faced extreme difficulties moving across the ocean and setting up new lives in a new land. Despite many challenges, immigrants to the United States from Ireland and their descendants have made a rich and positive impact on US culture at large.Using both academic resources in cultural anthropology as well as entertaining and informative documentaries and music videos, you will find this lens interesting if you are doing research about Irish history. This lens contains many links and resources of interest to anyone doing genealogy research about Irish Americans. It's for Irish Folks, College and High School students writing papers, and anyone else interested. If you have related information or links you would like me to consider adding, feel free to comment or send me a message! 🙂 The image of the crowned harp is an Irish symbol I found on Wikimedia commons, attributed to Thomas Gun. Important! Economic and religious factors were the primary reasons for mass immigration from Irela nd to the united states, and the potato famine was an additional significant factor that helped trigger the sense of urgency to make the journey to America. Videos About Immigration to the United States from Ireland Over only a decade which followed the famine in the mid 1800s, more than a quarter of the Irish population left their homelands and relocated to the US, and many more followed.Despite hardships they made many great contributions to society in the U. S. . Irish Immigration by dudeguy006 | video info 65 ratings | 26,284 views A brief documentary on Irish Immigration to America, Reasons for leaving, life upon arrival, cultural contributions, and current immigration. curated content from YouTube The Primary Factors the Motivated Irish Immigration to the United States Desperate economic factors in Ireland made employment opportunities in a new land look golden. Religious persecution towards the Roman Catholic majority of Irish citizens inspired a desire for religious freedom and acceptance.Political unrest in Ireland made American democracy look attractive to Irish immigrants who hoped for a more fair political system in the US. The possibilities for the common man to become a land owner seemed more promising in the US to Irish immigrants. The Impact of The Potato Famine This single event triggered a mass imigration from Ireland to the United States. Poverty to a level of desperation and starvation became worse and worse during the 19th century in Ireland, which began to motivate large waves of immigration from Ireland to the united states in the mid 1800s.These economic conditions in Ireland were the result of a variety of factors, most importantly political domination by Britain and a dependency on one significant crop, the production of potatoes. The potato had become increasingly popular and created some significant population growth dispute political unrest and religious persecution. Potatoes became the center of Irish agriculture, because it was d iscovered that about twice as many potatoes could be grown in the same sized area as other crops might have been planted in.This allowed for the production of a healthy amount of food for the farmers, and a surplus that could be used as an economic asset. By 1830 35% of the irish population depended on the potato harvest, both as their primary food source and their source of work. This economic dependence on a particular crop led to a collapse in the economy of Ireland during the Potato Famine. This blight on the Irish potato crops was caused by an airborne fungus which caused the potatoes to become diseased. In September 1844 the potato crops were first discovered to be infected. By 1854 ? of Irish population had immigrated to the United States.This wave of mass immigration was given its sense of urgency by the potato famine; with underlying factors of poverty, religious persecution and political unrest. America must have seemed to faraway immigrants leaving from Ireland as a true chance at a decent life. It was believed that they could find good work in the United States, although arriving immigrants found it difficult to gain employment in many fields due to cultural prejudices. Still, in a land with no jobs and no food, the possibility of any hope in a new land seemed to many better than suffering the circumstances of life in Ireland at the time.It was believed that the common man had better possibilities not only in terms of gainful employment, but as future land owners. The United states was also seen as a place of religious freedom, and many immigrants left hoping to create a better life for themselves by escaping religious intolerance and persecution. Democracy, freedom of speech, and religious tolerance were factors that went beyond the purely economic I motivating the search for a new home in a new land. . Scholarly articles and Research about Irish Immigration The American WakeImmigrants leaving Ireland for the United states knew that they would pro bably never see their families or homeland again. The Irish Potato Famine One of the most signifigant social conditions in Ireland which increased the need for Irish citizens to seek a better future in another land. An Artice on Irish Imigration to the US on associated content Irish Famine A LOT of information The Journey to America A sholarly discussion on Irish Immigration. The Severity of the Famine was Devistating, and Could Have been Entirely Avoided The devastation of the potato famine is almost indescribable.There had been eight million people in Ireland at the time farmers began to discover that all but ten percent of their food crops had been infected. Most of their primary food source was simply gone, and by 1847 more than half of the population was entirely reliant on this crop. Soon, about three million people became dependent on government run soup kitchens for food. people began to starve to death. Because poverty was so severe, many of the families of the deceased cou ld not afford to bury their loved ones in coffins, and so they were laid to rest in shallow graves.The situation was so severe that countries all around the world heard of the plight of the Irish, and began to send aid. In a day and age without the means to communicate quickly over great distances, far away places like Barbados, Jamaica, Italy, and France began to get word, and tried to help the starving people. The gifts were many and generous, including over 200,000 pounds from the Quakers alone. With so much of the population affected by the potato famine, the donations were only able to go so far. People ate stale bread, and a little soup, if anything.An eighth of the population actually slowly starved to death, and not all nations were as kind and generous. Britain had political domination over Ireland. Absentee landlords from England owned much of the land that the Irish people lived and worked on. Rents were high, wages were low, and a significant portion of the crops were â €˜money crops' and belonged to the absent landlords. The most terrible and ironic fact about the potato famine is that during the blight Ireland still grew and was compelled to ship out enough food that the food needs of the whole country could have been covered by it.While the country was so desperately poor and without food, some ships cam filled with supply, but even more left with the meager good portions of the crops. This is one of the major factors in the animosity between the Irish and the English. Religious persecution had been a significant factor in the poverty and living conditions of the Irish, and was used as a form of political domination. Roman Catholics were forbidden by English law to do many things that might make them more able to become self-sufficient and rise up against the protestants who had allied themselves with the British.To retain economic control, the British contrived laws meant to keep the majority of the Irish people who were Roman Catholic from improving their lot. Roman Catholics were forbidden to read and write, or educate their children with any more skills than necessary to perform the laborious jobs the dominating overloads expected. Many of them chose to educate themselves in secret, at great risk. There are some letters from that time which survive, and those that took the risk to attempt to write and send them have created some surviving historical documentation the presents a bleak picture.The people were impoverished to begin with, and so the effects of the famine were disastrous. Many families had been struggling to pay their high rents to begin with, and had to go without many things to continue to have shelter. They had to kill what livestock they had for food, or sell it to come up with money for rent. There clothing was tattered, and poor protection during the colder months. When their crops failed, they often looked for more laborious jobs in work houses and on larger farms. In a weakened physical condition from lack of food, many became sick and unable to perform heavy labor.This led many of the people to become homeless. They were often evicted when they became unable to pay their rent, and often under dramatic circumstances. Sometimes the landlord would pull them out of their homes and destroy the house in front of them. These things happened even at the height of the potato famine, when many of the people forcefully thrown out of their homes were already starving and sick. Not only did the majority of the Irish suffer starvation and sickness, but in desperation many were convicted of small crimes such as poaching or stealing food from storehouses.This was treated as a very serious offense, without much leniency or understanding for the starving people who were being denied basic human rights. As a result, many of those convicted of these â€Å"crimes† were convicted and sent forcefully to Australia to do hard labor in prison camps. Most of those who were separated and sent away on Australian bound convict ships never saw Ireland or their families again. The English might have moved to aid faster as other countries did, but were reluctant. Not only were they importing food from a starving country, they declined to give much assistance for the people growing the food.It was believed that if they gave the Irish money, they would use it to buy weapons and revolt. The idea of providing them free food out of soup kitchens was also not popular with the English, who were concerned that they would become accustomed to the free food and become lazy and overly dependent. All the while, the Irish peasant farmers carried carts full of potatoes to be collected for the British, pulling them by hand without the aid of livestock. They suffered hard labor with little or nothing to eat, and had to deliver food to others while watching their families and their animals slowly starve to death.It was in this atmosphere that many chose to leave for other countries, knowing t hey would probably never see their families or their homeland again. . Videos About the Potato Famine in Ireland Warning, this stuff may make you weep, particularly the third video with the letters from the young Irish girl about the famine. Irish Famine film by worcesterjonny | video info 123 ratings | 69,939 views A short film produced by Pathe News around 1905 that brought attention to famine in Ireland in that year.The film has been altered and is used to draw similarities to the early famine of 1846-50. curated content from YouTube The American Wake An unusual tradition known as â€Å"the American Wake† happened daily across Ireland and continued for about 75 years. It was a somber fair well, among friends and loved ones before embarking on the journey of immigration across the ocean. Often more of a funeral than a celebration, the wake was held in order for adult children who were leaving to be able to mourn their parents funerals while they were still living.The emigra nt who was leaving would have visited friends and relatives prior to the wake, to tell the news of their plan for departure. All who were close would come the night before the immigrants departure, to say final goodbyes knowing that they would probably never see each other again. On the night of the wake, relatives and friends would spend time trying to impart their wisdom to the immigrant. They hoped life in the new land would be better for the person who was departing, but knew that the journey was risky and becoming established with little resources would be hard.Elder relatives took this moment to advise the emigrant, many of who were fairly young, on how to survive and make a life for themselves. In the most impoverished areas food sharing and refreshments were not offered, but a small amount of poteen might be brought and shared on rare occasions. In those areas worst effected their was generally no singing and dancing, and these gatherings were often filled with the wailing a nd lamenting of the women. Women were called upon to say a lament for the departing person and their families, much like one might speak of the departed in a modern funeral.In a wailing kind of speech, a woman would aquatint the listener with the personal story of the virtues of the departing person, how sadly their skills and virtues will be missed, and how terrible the grief and suffering of the parents and relatives is because of this need to say goodbye. In areas that were less poverty stricken, the American Wake included all of those elements, but was also a more festive occasion. There might be baking, cleaning, and preparation beforehand for a nice gathering. Visiting neighbors might also bring food, tea, stout, and other libations to share.The lamentations continued, but were also sometimes mingled with dancing and singing to celebrate the life of a loved one and hope for the future. These festivities would continue late into the night, when older people would sit near the h earth and tell stories to the young seated on the floor around them. The next morning they would accompany the young emigrant to the docks for their departure. Travel by sea was risky, and known to be frought with the potentials of sickness or shipwreck. Traditionally, relatives left behind promosed to pray for their safe passage and opportunities in America.Those departing promised to pray for a good harvest, for restoration of health and better times to their families and loved ones, and that they would keep Ireland forever in their hearts. Some found ways to communicate via letter across the expansive ocean, but with a high rate of illiteracy and the distance involved that only happened in the rarest and luckiest of cases. After a long trip by sea, the Irish found life in a new land to be difficult. Life in a new land was not easy for the Irish immigrants that made it across the ocean. Many of them, sadly, did not make it.Already in poor health and with little money, the conditio ns of travel were bad. The ships were overcrowded, didn't have enough supplys, and sickness took many of the passengers durring their three month journey. Many of the people who left Ireland never made it to the United States, in such grat numbers that the vessels carrying the immigrants became known as coffin ships. During the years of the famine boats constantly brought more refugees seeking a new home, the numbers totalling around a million within a decade. During the same period, around a million and a half died from starvation in Ireland.Upon arrival, the new immigrants had to find places to live and work. This was challenging, because the American people were overwhelmed with the volume of very poor newcomers. The Irish imigrants were primarily farm workers who were not accustomed to or prepared for the industrialized cities they came to settle in. Many potential employers hung signs that said things like â€Å"No Irish Need Apply†, because of prejudices against the Iri sh people who they believed to be lazy and unskilled. The work these immigrants had in Ireland had been primarily agricultural, while the American culture was focused on industrialized production of goods.The Irish were forced to take jobs that involved hard labor for low wages, usually in industries that were dangerous. After immigrating and setting up a meager home, many of the new immigrants died in jub related accidents while working in industries such as railroad building. This is a Verry Beautiful and Deeply Inspiring Book Anam Cara: A Book of Celtic Wisdom by: John O'Donohue Amazon Price: $8. 51 (as of 01/15/2012) The Irish People Have Made Many Great Contributions to American Society Music is one of the first things that may come to mind when you think of the impact of Irish Culture in America.There are many beautiful Irish songs, and the Irish people culturally are known to have produced many talented musicians and songwriters. One thing the Irish seem to value culturally m ore than some other peoples is music, and it's ability to carry a story in a memorable and beautiful way. For Irish immigrants, preserving and performing music from their country of origin was both a way to feel at home and to share a sense of that with others. This tendency to appreciate and cultivate musical and artistic talents also helped to pass down historical lessons and cultural perspectives from one generation to the next.Irish music is known for rich artistic imagery, and storytelling in both serious and comic ways. This first video of ‘Oh Danny Boy' shows some very beautiful photography of the Irish countryside. Can you imagine the newly immigrated people, remembering these places and knowing they would probably never see them again? Wanting to share these memories with their children in a new country was part of what motivated this sharing of oral history in song. The second version, chillingly beautiful and different, features Johnny Cash. . Danny Boy Ireland by t ubelookjohn | video info ,010 ratings | 5,170,337 views http://www. lookaroundireland. com see the beautiful scenery of Ireland while listening to the tenor voice of Michael Londra http://www. michaellondra. com curated content from YouTube Johnny Cash and Jimmie Rodgers : Danny Boy Johnny Cash & Jimmie Rodgers – Danny Boy by Carters01 | video info 470 ratings | 564,898 views Johnny Cash & Jimmie Rodgers – Danny Boy curated content from YouTube Books About Irish History Top of Form Search Amazon. com Bottom of Form Showing 1 – 6 of 50 results A Reading Book in Irish History P. W.Joyce (Paperback – Sep 19, 2010) $18. 88 A Reading Book in Irish History Irish history and the Irish question Goldwin Smith, Hugh J McCann (Paperback – †¦ $21. 85 In Search of Ireland's Heroes: The Stor†¦ Carmel McCaffrey (Paperback – Oct 26, 200†¦ $14. 68 Irish History and the Irish Question The History of the Great Irish Famine of†¦ John O'rourk e (Paperback – Sep 5, 2010) $39. 35 12345> Privacy Like Music, Dance is an Art form that can Share a Story with Feeling The Irish have made significant contributions to the arts not only in music, but in writing, theater, and dance.As another art form, dance can be unique and expressive, and may tell a story and share feeling and ideas. Even now, the Irish influence on dance and storytelling can be strongly felt in America. The popularity of dance troupes that do Irish style dancing has only increased over time. Modern groups like River Dance sometimes retell moment in Irish history, such as in this clip, which shows a dance about the â€Å"American Wake† and immigration to the Americas as the potato famine effected Ireland. Riverdance American Wake by thunderceltic | video info 418 ratings | 182,462 views riverdance live from geneva urated content from YouTube Other Great Lenses about Irish History and Immigration to the U. S. The Great Irish Famine A Monument to the Great Famine IN THE shadow of Ireland's â€Å"holy† mountain, Croagh Patrick, stands a most unusual ship. It looks like a small 19th-century sailing†¦ Guestbook submit Reply JoshK47 Oct 17, 2011 @ 11:32 pm | delete Great work on this lens! Very good information! Reply kimmanleyort Aug 20, 2011 @ 7:54 am | delete Very thorough lens on Irish immigration and the potato famine. This is a subject near and dear to my heart as my ancestors came from Ireland to Quebec in the mid-1800's.Have you read the historical novel, Galway Bay? It gives a look at one family's experience and is riveting. I even did a lens on it. Well done and blessed! Reply GetSillyProductions Apr 18, 2011 @ 1:40 pm | delete accurate history and great video of Johnny Cash. two thumbs up Reply jackiebolen Mar 21, 2011 @ 9:26 pm | delete Very informative! Well done 🙂 Reply KEELACOM Mar 20, 2011 @ 9:43 am | delete That was one of the most informative pieces I have come across on Irish Immigration to th e US. I have you as a link on my lens (http://www. squidoo. com/videos_of_Ireland) in the hope others will read it.As an Irishman living in Co Clare where the famine did untold damage, I just want to say keep up the great work. Reply LadyJasmine Mar 20, 2011 @ 2:12 pm | delete Thanks very much, I appreciate it. 🙂 Reply SquidooKimberly Mar 17, 2011 @ 11:38 pm | delete I never understood the facts but the movies always made it seem like Irish immigrants had it rougher than other cultures. Thanks for all the great history! Congrats on being on the Best of St. Patrick's Day lenses 2011! http://www. squidoo. com/monsterboards/best_st_patricks_day_2011 Reply LadyJasmine Mar 20, 2011 @ 1:55 pm | delete Oh, wow, cool! :- Thanks Kimberly!Reply KimGiancaterino Mar 17, 2011 @ 11:19 pm | delete My great-great grandparents were Irish immigrants and times were very tough for them. It's hard to even read about what those people endured. Happy St. Patrick's Day. Reply d-artist Mar 11, 2011 @ 3:30 pm | delete Very interesting lens, being an immigrant myself I understand struggles, but this is heart wrenching†¦ I just recently saw on TV a documentary about this very subject Load More Show All Share this Guestbook Stumbleupon Facebook MySpace Twitter Digg Delicious RSS Email Donations WiserEarth is the online social forum and directory for  sustainability.We help the global movement working toward social  justice and environmental stewardship collaborate, share knowledge,  and build alliances. Our tools and resources are all free to u We at Squidoo passionately believe in creating new ways to support good causes online. By making a donation to Wiser Earth from this page, you are sending money directly to that organization, in whatever amount you want. We don't touch it. We don't even see it. The author of this page doesn't either. And if you made it this far, thanks for caring. Top of Form Choose an amount: Donate Cancel Bottom of FormSpecial Thanks to my roo m mate Jean Marie Carrier for co-authoring this page, and allowing me to include excerpts from a college research paper she did this semester for a history class. Ads by Google NC Immigration Lawyer Contact An Experienced Lawyer for  Business, Family ; Individual Visas www. edgertonimmigration. com K-12 Homework Help Tutors ; Learning Centers Near You. Contact K-12 Homework Help Programs Tutor. Schools. com Like 39 RSS by LadyJasmine LadyJasmine I play piano,guitar, write music and sing. I am also a Wiccan, a tarot reader, a freelance writer, a student, a teacher, a traveler, and a wandering s†¦ ore  Ã‚ » 65 featured lenses Winner of 23 trophies! Top lens  » The Best and Most Beautiful Tarot Decks Feeling creative? Create a Lens! Explore related pages The Importance of Integrity The Importance of Integrity Top Research Paper Websites for Kids Top Research Paper Websites for Kids The Great Irish Famine The Great Irish Famine Irish Slaves in the Caribbean Irish Slaves in th e Caribbean Unique Gift Ideas for Teachers 2012 Unique Gift Ideas for Teachers 2012 Irish Fiddle: Traditional Irish Instrumental Music Irish Fiddle: Traditional Irish Instrumental Music Beautiful Claddagh RingLWRS043-7 Nickel Free Sterling Silver Irish Claddagh Friendship and Love Band Polished Finished Ring Size 7 Amazon Price: $16. 99 (as of 01/15/2012) Saphire Claddagh Ring Sterling Silver Blue Sapphire Heart CZ Claddagh Ring Sizes 4 to 9, 7 Amazon Price: $34. 99 (as of 01/15/2012) Anam Cara by John O'Donohue Anam Cara: A Book of Celtic Wisdom by: John O'Donohue Amazon Price: $8. 51 (as of 01/15/2012) Related Tags Irish History history college college writing cultural anthropology emmigration history immigration immigration history rish irish dancing irish immigrants irish immigration to the united states irish music irish people melting pot potato famine reaserch writing research paper scholarly research LadyJasmine more†¦ TOS Originality Pact About Us SquidooHQ Charity Rep ort Abuse Feedback ; Bugs Copyright  © 2012, Squidoo, LLC and respective copyright owners This page and all the pages on Squidoo generate income for lensmasters and charities based on affiliate relationships with our partners, including Amazon, Google, eBay and others.Have fun. Want our Newsletter? Top of Form Sign up! Bottom of Form Sorry, lens owners cannot vote for their own lenses. close Top of Form Visitor Squidoo Twitter Name: Login (email address): Password: Posting comment as Twitter user Tweet this comment! Posting comment as Facebook user (disconnect) Post this comment to Facebook! Notify me by email when new comments are added. Email: CancelSubmit Bottom of Form John O'rourke (Paperback – Sep 5, 2010) John O'rourke (Paperback – Sep 5, 2010) back – Sep 5, 2010)

Firts they killed my father essays

Firts they killed my father essays First They Killed My Father written by Loung Ung, published by Perennial Lung Ung, author of first they killed my father is the main character in this book. She is the narrator of this horrific personal experience that occurred in Cambodia during Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot. In the beginning Lung carefully describes her life style, family and surroundings accustomed to in city called Phnom Penh. Her father, Ung Sem Im being police officer with an above average salary was able to provide very well for his family without his wifes Ung, Ay Choung income. Family consists of three brothers and four sisters. Despite of large number all were well educated, dressed and fed. Everyday, fresh meal, clean clothes and smile on their faces were literally taken for granted. In matter of few days it all came crashing down when Pol Pot formed new government. After Khmer Rouge soldiers took over Phnom Penh, covering the fact that Lung father was working for previous government, Loungs family fearing for their life left the city. Forced in settling at a labor cam p, hut made from straws and leaves became their new home. Required to work twelve to fourteen hours a day with only enough food to stay a live, it took a harsh toll on the whole family. Keav, Loung sister, was a first victim of Khmer Rouge regime, when she ate poisonous mushrooms. Second victim was Loung father, who was killed right after exposure of his past employer. As years continue to pass by some children were force by Ung, Ay Choung (mother) to live in other camps as survival rate was decreasing day by day. Having no choice children were scattered hoping they would see each other again. Their prayers were answered when Youns (Vietnamese) soldiers invaded Khmer Rouge camps and gave them a chance to escape. Reunited, they realized that their mother and youngest sister were brutally killed. Having no choice and struggling for survival they ask...

Vincent van Gogh Biography Timeline

Vincent van Gogh Biography Timeline 1853 Vincent is born on March 30 in Groot-Zundert, North Brabant, The Netherlands. His parents are Anna Cornelia Carbentus (1819-1907) and Theodorus van Gogh (1822-1885), a Dutch Reformed Church minister. 1857 Brother Theodorus (Theo) van Gogh is born on May 1. 1860 Vincents parents send him to a local elementary school. From 1861 to 1863, he was homeschooled.   1864-66 Vincent attends boarding school in Zevenbergen. 1866 Vincent attends Willem II College in Tilburg. 1869 Vincent starts working as a clerk for the art dealer Goupil Cie in The Hague through family connections. 1873 Vincent transfers to the London office of Goupil; Theo joins Goupil in Brussels. 1874 From October to December, Vincent works at the head office of Goupil in Paris, and then returns to London. 1875 Vincent is again transferred to Goupil in Paris (against his wishes). 1876 In March, Vincent is dismissed from Goupil. Theo transfers to the Goupil office in The Hague. Vincent acquires an etching of Millets Angelus  and accepts a teaching post in Ramsgate, England. In December, he returns to Etten, where his family lives, in December. 1877 From January to April, Vincent works as a book clerk in Dordrecht. In May, he arrives in Amsterdam, stays with uncle, Jan van Gogh, a naval yard commander. There, he prepares for university studies for the ministry. 1878 In July, Vincent gives up his studies and returns to Etten.  In August, he earns admission to a school of evangelism in Brussels, but he fails to obtain a post there. He leaves for the  coal-mining area near Mons, known as Borinage, in Belgium, and teaches the Bible to the poor. 1879 He begins work as a  missionary for six months in Wasmes. 1880 Vincent travels to Cuesmes, where he lives with a mining family, but then moves to Brussels to study perspective and anatomy. Theo supports him financially. 1881 April leaves Brussels to live in Etten. Vincent attempts to have a romantic relationship with his widowed cousin Kee Vos-Stricker, who spurns him. He quarrels with his family and leaves for The Hague around Christmas. 1882 Vincent studies with Anton Mauve, a cousin by marriage. He lives with Clasina Maria Hoornik (Sien).  In August, his family moves to Nuen. 1883 In September, he leaves The Hague and Clasina and works alone in Drenthe. In December, Vincent returns to Nuen. 1884 Vincent begins using  watercolors and studies of weavers. Vincent reads Delacroix on color. Theo joins Goupil in Paris. 1885 Vincent paints about 50 heads of peasants as studies for Potato Eaters.  In November, he goes to Antwerp and acquires Japanese prints. His father dies in March. 1886 In January-March, Vincent studies art at Antwerp Academy. He moves to Paris and studies at Cormon studio. Vincent paints flowers influenced by Delacroix and Monticelli. He meets Impressionists. 1887 The  Impressionists palette influences his work. He collects Japanese prints. Vincent exhibits in a working-class cafà ©. 1888 In February, Vincent goes to Arles. He lives at 2 Place Lamartine in the Yellow House. He visits Saintes Maries de la Mer in the Carmargue in June. On October 23, he was joined by Gauguin. Both artists visit Alfred Bruyas, Courbets patron, in Montpellier in December. Their relationship deteriorates. Vincent mutilates his ear on December 23. Gauguin leaves immediately. 1889 Vincent lives in mental hospital and in the Yellow House at alternate intervals. He voluntarily enters the  hospital in St. Rà ©my. Paul Signac comes to visit. Theo marries Johanna Bonger on April 17. 1890 On January 31, a son Vincent Willem is born to Theo and Johanna. Albert Aurier writes an article about Vincents work. Vincent leaves the hospital in May. He briefly visits Paris. He goes to Auvers-sur-Oise, less than 17 miles from Paris, to begin care under Dr. Paul Gachet, who was recommended by Camille Pissarro. Vincent shoots himself July 27 and dies two days later at age 37. 1891 January 25, Theo dies in Utrecht of syphilis.

Health Beliefs of Christian Science Followers Research Paper

Health Beliefs of Christian Science Followers - Research Paper Example In the prior twenty-five years, a resurgence of interest in the spiritual dimensions of human health has given reason and foundation to the thought that the preference of medical science over that of religion may be weakening. Christian Science was founded in 1866 and the founder later founded the Church of Christ, Scientist (Singh, 2009). A 25-year-old pregnant female arrives at the emergency department, accompanied by her husband, with complaints of severe pains and abdominal cramps. Further examination by the physician discovers that she is suffering from an ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis and plan of care are explained to the patient by the physician. The proposed treatment plan includes the insertion of an IV, pain intervention through the use of medication and surgical intervention. Surgery will remove the developing cells which could potentiate a need for the administration of blood products and IV antibiotics. The couple refuses surgery by their religion and explains that they are Christian Science followers. The physician is insistent and explains ectopic pregnancy and the in inherent risks and cautions that the surgery must take place within the hour. The physician explains fully the implications of an ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy develops outside of the uterus and the embryo implants in an area other than where it should, which is the endometrial layer of the uterus. The travel of the embryo through the fallopian tubes is altered in some way in these pregnancies. Up to 98% of these pregnancies develop in the fallopian tubes (Mcqueen, 2011, p 50). It is a leading cause of first-trimester mortality.An ectopic pregnancy is usually not capable of survival through the pregnancy can grow large enough to rupture the area that it is in which can cause severe and heavy bleeding which endangers the life of the mother. These pregnancies damage the fallopian tubes and must be detected and treated early to prevent severe bleeding. One that has ruptured will bleed slowly into the abdomen and is considered a medical emergency.